The Synaptic and Neuronal Functions of the X-Linked Intellectual Disability Protein Interleukin-1 Receptor Accessory Protein Like 1 (IL1RAPL1).

Since the first observation that described a patient with a mutation in IL1RAPL1 gene associated with intellectual disability in 1999, the function of IL1RAPL1 has been extensively studied by a number of laboratories. In this review, we summarize all the major data describing the synaptic and neuronal functions of IL1RAPL1 and recapitulate most of the genetic deletion identified in humans and associated to intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). All the data clearly demonstrate that IL1RAPL1 is a synaptic adhesion molecule localized at the postsynaptic membrane. Mutations in IL1RAPL1 gene cause either the absence of the protein or the production of a dysfunctional protein. More recently it has been demonstrated that IL1RAPL1 regulated dendrite formation and mediates the activity of IL-1β on dendrite morphology. All these data will possibly contribute to identifying therapies for patients carrying mutations in IL1RAPL1 gene.