University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
Özyeğin University, Turkey.
Br J Soc Psychol. 2019 Jul;58(3):714-729. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12305. Epub 2018 Dec 13.
While there is a wealth of literature on how and why people engage in collective action, there has been comparably less focus on the way identities that have emerged (as compared to how they are consolidated or politicized) through crowd action are understood and explained by those who carry those identities, as well as the particular importance of norm formation and adherence in this process. The Gezi Park protests in Turkey allowed studying exactly how a newly created identity - çapulcu identity [Turkish for looters] - can be perceived by the protesters. The present study utilizes a qualitative approach to explore how the çapulcu identity was understood by people who participated in the Gezi Park protests, as well as the norms and prototypes associated with that identity. More specifically, we investigated perceptions of (1) the defining characteristics of a new identity (i.e., meaning of çapulcu), (2) prototypicality (i.e., typical çapulcu), (3) expectations of çapulcu behaviour in terms of social norms, and (4) out-group definitions (i.e., differentiating a çapulcu from a non-çapulcu). We used a survey with open-ended questions to explore çapulcu identity and analysed the data from 196 participants using qualitative content analysis. Results highlighted the important defining characteristics of çapulcu identity, how this identity is positioned in relation to the newly created out-group (i.e., government supporters), and social norms based on this newly created identity. We discuss the meanings of identity characteristics and social norms in the political context of Turkey in relation to existing collective action models, as well as why we need to examine identities that come about during protests qualitatively.
虽然有大量关于人们如何以及为何参与集体行动的文献，但相比之下，人们对通过群体行动而出现的身份（与它们如何得到巩固或政治化相比）是如何被那些具有这些身份的人理解和解释的，以及规范形成和遵守在这个过程中的特殊重要性的关注要少得多。土耳其的盖齐公园抗议活动让我们能够准确研究一个新创造的身份——çapulcu 身份（土耳其语中意为“掠夺者”）——如何被抗议者所感知。本研究采用定性方法，探讨了参与盖齐公园抗议活动的人如何理解 çapulcu 身份，以及与该身份相关的规范和原型。更具体地说，我们调查了人们对以下几个方面的看法：（1）新身份的定义特征（即，çapulcu 的含义）；（2）原型性（即，典型的 çapulcu）；（3）根据社会规范对 çapulcu 行为的期望；（4）外群体定义（即，将 çapulcu 与非 çapulcu 区分开来）。我们使用了一份带有开放式问题的调查问卷来探讨 çapulcu 身份，并使用定性内容分析方法对 196 名参与者的数据进行了分析。结果突出了 çapulcu 身份的重要定义特征，以及这种身份与新创建的外群体（即政府支持者）的关系，以及基于这种新创建的身份的社会规范。我们讨论了在土耳其的政治背景下，与现有集体行动模型相关的身份特征和社会规范的含义，以及为什么我们需要从质的角度研究抗议活动中产生的身份。
