Road Safety and Accident Reconstruction Laboratory (LaSIS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via S. Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy.
Road Safety and Accident Reconstruction Laboratory (LaSIS), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via S. Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy.
Accid Anal Prev. 2019 Feb;123:243-255. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.025. Epub 2018 Dec 11.
Road traffic injuries represent a serious public health problem and are one of leading cause of death, injury and disability around the world. Road accidents are often caused by an accumulation of factors; however, drivers appear to be by far the most decisive one. The driver's behaviour is complex and depends on reflex (or involuntary) and voluntary driving actions. The first class of actions (reflex actions) are typical human reactions that remain inaccessible to awareness and refer to the direct interaction between the road user and the characteristics of the road and its surrounding environment. Conversely, voluntary actions are conscious behaviours adopted on the basis of planned decisions. Both types of driving actions act simultaneously and the interaction between them and their relative effects on road safety are an aspect not yet well examined. The main objective of this study was to provide, by means of a driving simulation experiment, an insight on this interaction by evaluating the influence of some psychological characteristics on the effectiveness of different types of traffic calming measures at pedestrian crossings, designed according to the Human Factors principles. Fifty-eight participants drove a virtual urban route while data on their performance, as they approached five configurations of pedestrian crossings equipped with different physical and perceptual treatments, were collected. The participants were preliminarily characterized by means of two psychological questionnaires, which allowed the identification of three distinct groups of drivers belonging to three risk profiles (careful, worried, and at risk). The three groups of drivers reacted differently to the proposed engineering treatments, confirming the clustering identified by the preliminary analysis. The results showed that the proposed traffic calming measures are effective on all psychological sub-groups of drivers, with different effectiveness. These first results support that, in the considered driving environment (pedestrian crossings), the Human Factors approach, with which traffic calming measures can be arranged, could be effective, even if different psychological sub-groups are differently affected.
道路交通伤害是一个严重的公共卫生问题，也是全球导致死亡、伤害和残疾的主要原因之一。道路事故通常是由一系列因素累积造成的；然而，驾驶员似乎是迄今为止最关键的因素。驾驶员的行为是复杂的，取决于反射（或无意识）和自愿驾驶行为。第一类行为（反射行为）是人类的典型反应，这些反应仍然无法被意识到，指的是道路使用者与道路及其周围环境的特征之间的直接相互作用。相反，自愿行为是基于计划决策而采取的有意识行为。这两种驾驶行为同时发生，它们之间的相互作用及其对道路安全的相对影响是一个尚未得到充分研究的方面。本研究的主要目的是通过驾驶模拟实验提供对此类相互作用的深入了解，评估一些心理特征对根据人为因素原则设计的不同类型的交通减速措施在行人横道上的有效性的影响。58 名参与者在虚拟城市路线上驾驶，同时收集了他们在接近配备不同物理和感知处理的五个行人横道配置时的表现数据。参与者通过两个心理问卷进行了初步特征描述，这允许根据三种不同的风险概况（谨慎、担忧和有风险）识别出三个不同的驾驶员群体。这三个群体的驾驶员对提出的工程处理反应不同，证实了初步分析确定的聚类。结果表明，所提出的交通减速措施对所有心理亚组的驾驶员都有效，有效性不同。这些初步结果表明，在考虑的驾驶环境（行人横道）中，以人为因素为基础安排交通减速措施可能是有效的，即使不同的心理亚组受到不同程度的影响。
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