Hemorrhoids. Nonoperative management.

It is remarkable that the pathogenesis of a condition with as long a history and as much morbidity as hemorrhoids is incompletely understood, but various theories still contend for acceptance. The classification, presentation, symptoms, and complications of hemorrhoids are discussed, and various treatment options--injection sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation, manual anal dilatation, sphincterotomy, cryotherapy, infrared photocoagulation, bipolar diathermy, and the galvanic generator and probe--are reviewed.