Effects of gelsemine on oxidative stress and DNA damage responses of .

Gelsemine is an important toxic substance extracted from , which has a lot of biological functions in cells and organisms, but its toxicity has been rarely reported in . In this study, we used the protozoan as an experimental model to investigate the potential toxicity-induced mechanism of gelsemine in the unicellular eukaryote. Our results clearly showed gelsemine inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner. This exposure also resulted in oxidative stress on cells and antioxidant enzyme levels were significantly altered at high gelsemine levels ( < 0.05). Gelsemine produced a slight apoptotic effect at the highest (0.8 mg/mL) gelsemine level used here ( < 0.05). Furthermore, the toxin-induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner. The ultrastructural analysis also revealed mitophagic vacuoles at 0.4 and 0.8 mg/mL levels of gelsemine exposure. Moreover, expressions of oxidative stress-related and MAP kinase genes were significantly changed after exposure to 0.8 mg/mL level of gelsemine ( < 0.05). Altogether, our results clearly show that gelsemine from can inhibit the growth via inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage in cells.