Graduate School of Education, University of California, Riverside.
Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland.
Sch Psychol. 2019 Mar;34(2):233-243. doi: 10.1037/spq0000301. Epub 2018 Dec 27.
Bullying victimization related to race or religion is a problem that permeates schools in the United States for minority students. One group of students that are at higher risk for victimization is Sikh American adolescents, which may result from them being stereotyped as foreigners. We used path analysis to examine the relationships among self-reports of (a) wearing religious head coverings, (b) being perceived as a foreigner, (c) victimization (i.e., physical, verbal, and relational), and (d) adjustment outcomes (i.e., self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and anxiety related to perceptions of school safety) by Sikh American adolescents. Survey data were collected from 199 Sikh American adolescents from 120 schools in 61 cities in California (54% male, mean age = 14.19 years, SD = 1.86). Results indicated that a large percentage (76.4%) of Sikh American adolescents reported at least one type of victimization during the school year, and victimization appeared to relate to race and religion for many students. Wearing a religious head covering related to Sikh American adolescents' perceptions that they were stereotyped as foreigners, which, in turn, related to verbal and relational victimization (indirect effect = 0.05 and 0.06) but not physical victimization. Being a male predicted more verbal victimization (β = 0.38). In addition, being perceived as a foreigner was related to higher victimization, which was also related to lower self-esteem and higher depressive and anxious symptoms (indirect effect = -0.05, 0.08, and 0.06, respectively). Implications for school psychologists to reduce victimization and improve school climate for Sikh American students are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
受种族或宗教影响的欺凌受害是美国少数族裔学生学校中普遍存在的问题。受欺凌侵害风险较高的学生群体之一是美国锡克教青少年,这可能是因为他们被刻板地视为外国人。我们使用路径分析来检验美国锡克教青少年自我报告的以下因素之间的关系:(a)佩戴宗教头饰,(b)被视为外国人,(c)受害(即身体、言语和关系),以及(d)调整结果(即与学校安全感知有关的自尊、抑郁症状和焦虑)。调查数据来自加利福尼亚州 61 个城市 120 所学校的 199 名美国锡克教青少年(54%为男性,平均年龄=14.19 岁,标准差=1.86)。结果表明,很大一部分(76.4%)美国锡克教青少年在学年期间至少经历过一种类型的受害,对许多学生来说,受害似乎与种族和宗教有关。佩戴宗教头饰与美国锡克教青少年认为自己被刻板地视为外国人有关,这进而与言语和关系受害有关(间接效应=0.05 和 0.06),但与身体受害无关。男性更有可能遭受言语受害(β=0.38)。此外,被视为外国人与更高的受害有关,这也与更低的自尊和更高的抑郁和焦虑症状有关(间接效应分别为-0.05、0.08 和 0.06)。讨论了学校心理学家减少美国锡克教学生受害和改善学校氛围的意义。(PsycINFO 数据库记录(c)2019 APA,保留所有权利)。