Alheid G F, Heimer L
Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.
Neuroscience. 1988 Oct;27(1):1-39. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90217-5.
The basal forebrain is critically involved in functions representing the highest levels of integration. Only recently has a relatively clear anatomical picture of this important area begun to emerge. The territory that has generally been referred to as the "substantia innominata" appears to be composed of portions of three recognizable forebrain structures: the ventral striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala and the magnocellular corticopetal system. (1) Rostrally, the striatopallidal system reaches ventrally to the base of the brain. (2) Caudal to the ventral extension of the striatopallidal system elements of the centromedial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are merged so that these two areas together with this subpallidal corridor form a large forebrain unit that might be described as an "extended amygdala". (3) Large cholinergic and non-cholinergic corticopetal neurons form a more or less continuous aggregate that is interwoven with the striatopallidal and extended amygdala systems in basal forebrain. Consideration of morphological and connectional characteristics of basal forebrain suggests that the corticopetal cell groups, together with magnocellular elements of the striatum, serve similar functional roles for the striatopallidal system, the extended amygdala, and the septal-diagonal band complex. Specifically, the output of medium spiny neurons in striatum, extended amygdala, and lateral septum are directed toward somewhat larger sparsely or moderately spiny neurons with radiating dendrites which in turn project to diencephalon and brainstem or provide either local feedback (e.g. in striatum) or distal feedback to cortex. The functional implications of this parallel processing of descending forebrain afferents are discussed.
基底前脑在代表最高整合水平的功能中起着关键作用。直到最近，这个重要区域相对清晰的解剖结构才开始显现出来。通常被称为“无名质”的区域似乎由三个可识别的前脑结构部分组成：腹侧纹状体苍白球系统、扩展杏仁核和大细胞向皮质系统。（1）在 Rostrally，纹状体苍白球系统向腹侧延伸至脑底部。（2）在纹状体苍白球系统腹侧延伸的尾侧，中央内侧杏仁核和终纹床核的元素合并在一起，使得这两个区域与这个苍白球下通道共同形成一个大的前脑单元，可被描述为“扩展杏仁核”。（3）大型胆碱能和非胆碱能向皮质神经元形成一个或多或少连续的聚集体，它与基底前脑的纹状体苍白球和扩展杏仁核系统相互交织。对基底前脑形态和连接特征的研究表明，向皮质细胞群与纹状体的大细胞成分一起，对纹状体苍白球系统、扩展杏仁核和隔区 - 斜角带复合体发挥相似的功能作用。具体而言，纹状体、扩展杏仁核和外侧隔区的中等棘状神经元的输出指向一些稍大的、具有放射状树突的稀疏或中等棘状神经元，这些神经元进而投射到间脑和脑干，或者提供局部反馈（例如在纹状体中）或向皮质提供远距离反馈。本文讨论了这种前脑下行传入纤维平行处理的功能意义。
