Ovtshinnikova Olga G, Galinskaya Tatiana V, Lukashevich Elena D
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab., 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia.
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-12, Moscow 119234, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia.
Zookeys. 2018 Dec 19(809):55-77. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.809.29032. eCollection 2018.
The structure of the male terminalia and their musculature of species of tanyderid genera Alexander, 1929 from Chile and Alexander, 1927 from Tasmania are examined and compared with each other and with published data on the likely relatives. The overall pattern of male terminalia of both genera is similar to those of most Southern Hemisphere genera, with simple curved gonostyli, lobe-like setose parameres, and setose cerci inconspicuous under the epandrium. Both genera have terminalia similarly rotated by 180° (and 90° as an intermediate stage); rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. However, the similar patterns are realized differently: segment VIII is the decreased and asymmetrical due to completely membranose tergite VIII in (the first record of such modification in Tanyderidae), but narrow and symmetrical in . Accordingly, pregenital muscles are very different between the genera. Based on localization of muscle attachment sites, the hypandrial origin of the stripe between gonocoxites is shown in both genera, and entire membranization of tergite VIII and partial membranization of hypoproct is shown in . Tanyderidae are characterized by highly specialized sclerites and muscles of male terminalia and provide no evidence of relationship with previously studied members of Psychodidae, Blephariceridae and Ptychopteridae.
对1929年亚历山大描述的来自智利的坦蚊属物种以及1927年亚历山大描述的来自塔斯马尼亚的坦蚊属物种的雄性外生殖器结构及其肌肉组织进行了研究，并相互比较，同时与已发表的关于可能亲缘关系的数据进行了比较。这两个属的雄性外生殖器总体模式与大多数南半球属相似，具有简单弯曲的阳茎侧突、叶状刚毛状的抱握器以及在尾铗下不明显的刚毛状尾须。两个属的外生殖器都同样旋转了180°（以及作为中间阶段的90°）；旋转方向可以是顺时针或逆时针。然而，相似的模式有不同的表现：在[具体属1]中，由于第八腹节背板完全膜质化，第八腹节变小且不对称（这是坦蚊科中此类变异的首次记录），而在[具体属2]中则狭窄且对称。因此，两个属之间的生殖前肌肉非常不同。基于肌肉附着位点的定位，在两个属中都显示了生殖下板在生殖突之间条纹的起源，并且在[具体属1]中显示了第八腹节背板的完全膜质化和肛门下板的部分膜质化。坦蚊科的特征是雄性外生殖器具有高度特化的骨片和肌肉，并且没有提供与先前研究的毛蠓科、网蚊科和大蚊科成员有亲缘关系的证据。
