Isenschmid D S, Caplan Y H
Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore.
J Forensic Sci. 1988 Nov;33(6):1421-31.
Cannabinoid use was studied in a nonspecific population of postmortem urine specimens in the State of Maryland. Of 500 sequential specimens screened for cannabinoids by enzyme multiplied immunoassay EMIT, 63 (13%) were initially positive and 58 (12%) were confirmed positive (92%). It was observed that geographic location and race did not correlate with cannabinoid prevalence. Cannabinoid use was observed to be strongly age related, with peak use by the 21- to 25-year-old age group where 22% of the cases were positive. Use of cannabinoids was also closely linked to homicides, which represented nearly half of the positive cases but only 13% of the total cases. When comparing manner of death, the greatest percent of confirmed positives was seen in homicide (26%) and drug-related (17%) deaths. The incidence of cannabinoid use was found to be more than 3 times as great in drug-related (17%) as compared to natural deaths (5%). The percent of cannabinoid-positive cases from vehicle-related accidents was low (6%) and that from nonvehicle-related accidents somewhat higher (10%). Other drugs appeared in cannabinoid-positive cases. Most prevalent was ethanol N = 18, followed by morphine (from heroin, N = 11), quinine N = 11, and cocaine N = 11. Phencyclidine (PCP) occurred twice and several other drugs were reported only once. Of the 25 homicide cases screened for drugs, 64% were positive for some drug including ethyl alcohol. Thus it appears that a high percentage of homicide cases are drug related. Males greatly outnumbered females (56:2) in positive cases, but the number of female specimens received was small.
在马里兰州，对一批非特定人群的尸检尿液样本进行了大麻素使用情况的研究。通过酶倍增免疫分析（EMIT）对500份连续样本进行大麻素筛查，最初有63份（13%）呈阳性，58份（12%）被确认为阳性（确认率92%）。研究发现地理位置和种族与大麻素流行率无关。大麻素使用与年龄密切相关，21至25岁年龄组的使用率最高，该组中有22%的样本呈阳性。大麻素的使用还与凶杀案密切相关，凶杀案占阳性病例的近一半，但仅占总病例的13%。在比较死亡方式时，确认阳性率最高的是凶杀案（26%）和与毒品相关的死亡（17%）。与自然死亡（5%）相比，与毒品相关的死亡（17%）中大麻素的使用率高出3倍多。与车辆相关事故中大麻素阳性病例的比例较低（6%），与非车辆相关事故中的比例略高（10%）。在大麻素阳性病例中还出现了其他药物。最常见的是乙醇（N = 18），其次是吗啡（来自海洛因，N = 11）、奎宁（N = 11）和可卡因（N = 11）。苯环己哌啶（PCP）出现了两次，其他几种药物仅报告了一次。在筛查毒品的25起凶杀案中，64%的案件检测出某种药物呈阳性，包括乙醇。因此，似乎有很大比例的凶杀案与毒品有关。阳性病例中男性数量远远超过女性（56:2），但收到的女性样本数量较少。
