Shin Hana, Fujioka Takako
Department of Music, Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2018 Dec 13;9:2528. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02528. eCollection 2018.
The early right anterior negativity (ERAN) in event-related potentials (ERPs) is typically elicited by syntactically unexpected events in Western tonal music. We examined how visual predictive information influences syntactic processing, how musical or non-musical cues have different effects, and how they interact with sequential effects between trials, which could modulate with the strength of the sense of established tonality. The EEG was recorded from musicians who listened to chord sequences paired with one of four types of visual stimuli; two provided predictive information about the syntactic validity of the last chord through either musical notation of the whole sequence, or the word "regular" or "irregular," while the other two, empty musical staves or a blank screen, provided no information. Half of the sequences ended with the syntactically invalid Neapolitan sixth chord, while the other half ended with the Tonic chord. Clear ERAN was observed in frontocentral electrodes in all conditions. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the grand average response in the audio-only condition, to separate spatio-temporal dynamics of different scalp areas as principal components (PCs) and use them to extract auditory-related neural activities in the other visual-cue conditions. The first principal component (PC1) showed a symmetrical frontocentral topography, while the second (PC2) showed a right-lateralized frontal concentration. A source analysis confirmed the relative contribution of temporal sources to the former and a right frontal source to the latter. Cue predictability affected only the ERAN projected onto PC1, especially when the previous trial ended with the Tonic chord. The ERAN in PC2 was reduced in the trials following Neapolitan endings in general. However, the extent of this reduction differed between cue-styles, whereby it was nearly absent when musical notation was used, regardless of whether the staves were filled with notes or empty. The results suggest that the right frontal areas carry out the primary role in musical syntactic analysis and integration of the ongoing context, which produce schematic expectations that, together with the veridical expectation incorporated by the temporal areas, inform musical syntactic processing in musicians.
事件相关电位（ERP）中的早期右前负波（ERAN）通常由西方调性音乐中句法上意外的事件引发。我们研究了视觉预测信息如何影响句法处理，音乐或非音乐线索如何产生不同影响，以及它们如何与试验间的序列效应相互作用，而试验间的序列效应可能会随着既定调性感觉的强度而调节。对听与四种视觉刺激之一配对的和弦序列的音乐家进行脑电图记录；其中两种通过整个序列的音乐记谱法或“规则”或“不规则”一词提供关于最后一个和弦句法有效性的预测信息，而另外两种，空白五线谱或空白屏幕，则不提供信息。一半的序列以句法无效的那不勒斯六和弦结束，而另一半以主和弦结束。在所有条件下，额中央电极均观察到明显的ERAN。对仅音频条件下的总体平均反应进行主成分分析（PCA），以将不同头皮区域的时空动态分离为主成分（PC），并使用它们提取其他视觉线索条件下与听觉相关的神经活动。第一主成分（PC1）显示出对称的额中央地形图，而第二主成分（PC2）显示出右侧额叶集中。源分析证实了颞源对前者的相对贡献以及右侧额叶源对后者的相对贡献。线索可预测性仅影响投射到PC1上的ERAN，尤其是当前一个试验以主和弦结束时。一般来说，在那不勒斯结尾后的试验中，PC2中的ERAN会降低。然而，这种降低的程度在不同线索样式之间有所不同，即使用音乐记谱法时几乎不存在这种降低，无论五线谱是填满音符还是空白。结果表明，右侧额叶区域在音乐句法分析和当前语境整合中起主要作用，这会产生示意性期望，与颞叶区域纳入的真实期望一起，为音乐家的音乐句法处理提供信息。
