Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the hypothalamohypophysial system of the Mongolian gerbil.

By use of the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique the location of perikarya and fibers exhibiting vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), because of the involvement of VIP in several neuroendocrine functions. In the hypothalamus, a large number of VIP-immunoreactive perikarya were seen in the ventromedial part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Few VIP-positive perikarya were present in the periventricular, paraventricular, and supraoptic nuclei and in the medial preoptic area close to the third ventricle. The perikarya in the paraventricular nucleus projected fibers in the direction of the median eminence. In the median eminence VIP-immunoreactive fibers were present especially in the external layer, concentrated in the perivascular spaces surrounding the portal vessels. Scattered VIP-immunoreactive fibers were also located in the internal layer of the median eminence as well as in the posterior pituitary lobe. In the latter, large VIP-positive Herring-like bodies were observed. With receptor autoradiography a large number of grains were demonstrated in the anterior pituitary lobe in contrast to the neural lobe. Many VIP-positive fibers and some perikarya were observed within the ependyma covering the rostroventral part of the third ventricle. Finally, fibers exhibiting VIP immunoreactivity were also seen in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT). These results support the concept that VIP is released into the portal vascular system and plays a role in the regulation of the activity of the anterior pituitary. In addition, VIP might be secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle.