On May 9, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop titled Advancing the Science of Patient Input in Medical Product R&D: Towards a Research Agenda. This workshop focused on the science of patient input for medical product research and development (R&D), with consideration of downstream regulatory and post-market decision making. The objectives of the workshop were to consider the current state of the science for soliciting and incorporating patient input into medical product R&D, explore gaps in knowledge and other barriers that impede progress, and discuss a potential framework for a research agenda for addressing gaps and barriers that could help move the field forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.