Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02140 , United States.
Federal Aviation Administration , Office of Environment and Energy , Washington , D.C. 20591 , United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 Feb 5;53(3):1364-1373. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04060. Epub 2019 Jan 8.
Black carbon (BC) emissions from aircraft engines lead to an increase in the atmospheric burden of fine particulate matter (PM). Exposure to PM from sources, including aviation, is associated with an increased risk of premature mortality, and BC suspended in the atmosphere has a warming impact on the climate. BC particles emitted from aircraft also serve as nuclei for contrail ice particles, which are a major component of aviation's climate impact. To facilitate the evaluation of these impacts, we have developed a method to estimate BC mass and number emissions at the engine exit plane, referred to as the Smoke Correlation for Particle Emissions-CAEP11 (SCOPE11). We use a data set consisting of SN-BC mass concentration pairs, collected using certification-compliant measurement systems, to develop a new relationship between smoke number (SN) and BC mass concentration. In addition, we use a complementary data set to estimate measurement system loss correction factors and particle geometric mean diameters to estimate BC number emissions at the engine exit plane. Using this method, we estimate global BC emissions from aircraft landing and takeoff (LTO) operations for 2015 to be 0.74 Gg/year (95% CI = 0.64-0.84) and 2.85 × 10 particles/year (95% CI = 1.86-4.49 × 10).
飞机发动机排放的黑碳（BC）导致大气细颗粒物（PM）负担增加。暴露于包括航空在内的各种来源的 PM 会增加过早死亡的风险，而悬浮在大气中的 BC 对气候具有变暖影响。飞机排放的 BC 颗粒也充当了尾迹冰颗粒的核心，后者是航空气候影响的主要组成部分。为了便于评估这些影响，我们开发了一种在发动机出口平面估算 BC 质量和数量排放的方法，称为粒子排放的烟雾相关法- CAEP11（SCOPE11）。我们使用由符合认证的测量系统收集的 SN-BC 质量浓度对数据集来开发烟雾数（SN）和 BC 质量浓度之间的新关系。此外，我们使用补充数据集来估算测量系统损耗修正因子和颗粒几何平均直径，以估算发动机出口平面处的 BC 数量排放。使用该方法，我们估算了 2015 年飞机着陆和起飞（LTO）作业的全球 BC 排放量为 0.74 Gg/年（95%置信区间为 0.64-0.84）和 2.85×10 颗/年（95%置信区间为 1.86-4.49×10）。
