Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 May;29(5):678-685. doi: 10.1111/sms.13385. Epub 2019 Feb 6.
The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is a syndrome describing three interrelated conditions: low energy availability (LEA), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD). Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) expands the Triad to include multiple physiologic consequences of LEA in both sexes. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of factors associated with the Triad/RED-S in an elite para athlete population.
Athletes were U.S. elite para athletes training to qualify for the 2016 or the 2018 Paralympic Games. Participants completed an online questionnaire characterizing nutrition, menstrual status (in females), bone health, and awareness of the Triad/RED-S.
The athletes were 260 elite para athletes (150 male, 110 female). While few reported prior eating disorder (3.1%), 32.4% had elevated Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) pathologic behavior subscale scores. Most athletes (95 male, 65 female) were attempting to change their body composition or weight to improve performance. Forty-four percent of premenopausal females had oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea. Bone stress injury was reported in 9.2% of athletes; of these, 54.5% (n = 12) had low BMD. Less than 10% of athletes reported awareness of the Triad/RED-S.
Factors associated with the Triad/RED-S are present in an elite para athlete population, regardless of sex or sport type. Awareness of the Triad/RED-S in para athletes is low. The consequences of LEA in para athlete populations are poorly understood. However, the high prevalence of factors observed suggests value in advancing screening tools and education efforts to optimize health in this population.
女性运动员三联征（三联征）是一种描述三种相互关联的疾病的综合征：能量供应不足（LEA）、月经功能障碍和骨矿物质密度（BMD）降低。运动相关性能量不足（RED-S）将三联征扩展到包括男女两性 LEA 的多种生理后果。本研究的目的是确定与三联征/RED-S 相关的因素在精英残疾运动员人群中的流行情况。
运动员是美国精英残疾运动员，正在为参加 2016 年或 2018 年残奥会而训练。参与者完成了一份在线问卷，描述了他们的营养状况、月经状况（女性）、骨骼健康状况以及对三联征/RED-S 的认识。
运动员是 260 名精英残疾运动员（150 名男性，110 名女性）。尽管只有 3.1%的人报告有饮食失调病史，但 32.4%的人有较高的饮食失调检查问卷（EDE-Q）病理性行为分量表得分。大多数运动员（95 名男性，65 名女性）试图改变身体成分或体重以提高运动成绩。44%的有生育能力的女性有月经稀少/闭经。报告有骨骼应力性损伤的运动员占 9.2%；其中，54.5%（n=12）有低骨密度。不到 10%的运动员报告对三联征/RED-S 有认识。
无论性别或运动类型如何，与三联征/RED-S 相关的因素都存在于精英残疾运动员人群中。残疾运动员对三联征/RED-S 的认识较低。残疾运动员人群中 LEA 的后果知之甚少。然而，观察到的高流行因素表明，在这一人群中推广筛查工具和教育努力以优化健康状况具有价值。
