Biomedical applications of microbially engineered polyhydroxyalkanoates: an insight into recent advances, bottlenecks, and solutions.

Biopolymeric polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are fabricated and accumulated by microbes under unbalanced growth conditions, primarily by diverse genera of bacteria. Over the last two decades, microbially engineered PHAs gained substantial interest worldwide owing to their promising wide-range uses in biomedical field as biopolymeric biomaterials. Because of non-hazardous disintegration products, preferred surface alterations, inherent biocompatibility, modifiable mechanical properties, cultivation support for cells, adhesion devoid of carcinogenic impacts, and controllable biodegradability, the PHAs like poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate co-polymers, 3-hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate co-polymers, etc., are available for various medical applications. These PHAs have been exploited to design in vivo implants like sutures as well as valves for direct tissue repairing as well as in regeneration devices like bone graft substitutes, nerve guides as well as cardiovascular patches, etc. Furthermore, they are also emerged as attractive candidates for developing effective/novel drug delivery systems because of their biocompatibility and biodegradability with the ability to deliver and release the drugs at a specific site in a controllable manner and, therefore widen the therapeutic window with reduced side effects. However, there still remain some bottlenecks related to PHA purity, mechanical properties, biodegradability, etc., that are need to be addressed so as to make PHAs a realistic biomaterial. In addition, innovative approaches like PHAs co-production with other value-added products, etc., must be developed currently for economical PHA production. This review provides an insight toward the recent advances, bottlenecks, and potential solutions for prospective biomedical applications of PHAs with conclusion that relatively little research/study has been performed presently toward the viability of PHAs as realistic biopolymeric biomaterials.