Heavy metal phyto-accumulation in leafy vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater and human health risk repercussions.

In this study, heavy metal phyto-accumulation potential of selected cultivars of two leafy vegetables on irrigation with municipal wastewater and human health risks were investigated. Municipal wastewater chemistry was recorded significantly different from groundwater control and led to the two-fold high enrichment of soil heavy metal contents (Ni, 19.46; Pb, 23.94; Co, 4.68; Cd, 1.4 in mg/kg, respectively). Interactive effects for phyto-accumulation of most heavy metals were also recorded significant at p < 0.001 in four vegetable cultivars. Heatmap revealed higher accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Co) in spinach cultivars than lettuce cultivars creating elevated health risk index (HRI) and hazard index (HI) values for adults and children. Highest HI was recorded for Lahori palak (adults, 1.42; children, 2.58) and lowest for iceberg (adults, 0.04; children, 0.07). The NPK supplementation improved mineral composition of leafy vegetables within safer human health limits in control treatments. However, in municipal wastewater treatments, NPK fertilization decreased heavy metal uptake and phyto-accumulation in S2 (Lahori palak) than remaining vegetable cultivars leading to reduced health risk values. Because of higher heavy metal phyto-accumulation and health risks, cultivation of spinach cultivars must be discouraged in agro-ecologies receiving municipal wastes, whereas lettuce cultivars should be promoted.