Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Dutsin-Ma, Km 65, P.M.B. 5001, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria.
Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State, Nigeria.
BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Jan 18;19(1):73. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3647-y.
Human schistosomiases are acute and chronic infectious diseases of poverty. Currently, epidemiological data of urinary schistosomiasis (US) in school-age children (SAC) and adults are often reported together making it difficult to ascertain the true status of the disease. Based on this premise, we set out to carry out this review.
To achieve this aim, we carried out a computer-aided search of PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, African Journals OnLine (AJOL) and the database of World Health Organization. However, the information obtained from these sources was supplemented with additional literatures from Mendeley, Research Gate, and Google.
The search yielded 183 literatures of which 93 full text research, review and online articles were deemed fit for inclusion. Our key findings showed that: (1) of all World Health Organization (WHO) Regions, Africa is the most endemic zone for US, with Kenya and Senegal recording the highest prevalence and mean intensity respectively; (2) SAC within the range of 5-16 years contribute most significantly to the transmission cycle of US globally; (3) gender is a factor to watch out for, with male often recording the highest prevalence and intensity of infection; (4) contact with open, potentially infested water sources contribute significantly to transmission; (5) parental factors (occupation and education status) predispose SAC to US; (6) economic vis a vis ecological factors play a key role in infection transmission; and (7) in the last decade, a treatment coverage of 45% was never achieved globally for SAC or non-SAC treatment category for urinary schistosomiasis.
In view of the WHO strategic plan to eliminate schistosomiasis by 2020 and the findings from this review, it is obvious that this goal, in the face of realities, might not be achieved. It is imperative that annual control programmes be scaled up marginally, particularly in the African region of WHO. While US-based researches should be sponsored at the grass-root level to unveil hidden endemic foci, adequate facilities for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) should be put in place in all schools globally.
人体血吸虫病是一种急性和慢性传染病，属于贫困病。目前，学龄儿童（SAC）和成人的尿路血吸虫病（US）的流行病学数据经常一起报告，这使得难以确定疾病的真实状况。基于这一前提，我们着手进行了这项综述。
为了实现这一目标，我们对 PubMed、Web of Science、Science Direct、African Journals OnLine（AJOL）和世界卫生组织数据库进行了计算机辅助搜索。然而，从这些来源获得的信息还通过 Mendeley、Research Gate 和 Google 等额外文献进行了补充。
搜索共产生了 183 篇文献，其中 93 篇全文研究、综述和在线文章被认为适合纳入。我们的主要发现表明：（1）在世界卫生组织（WHO）所有区域中，非洲是 US 最流行的地区，肯尼亚和塞内加尔的流行率和平均强度最高；（2）全球范围内，5-16 岁的 SAC 对 US 的传播周期贡献最大；（3）性别是一个需要关注的因素，男性通常记录最高的流行率和感染强度；（4）接触开放的、潜在受感染的水源会显著促进传播；（5）父母因素（职业和教育状况）使 SAC 容易感染 US；（6）经济与生态因素在感染传播中起着关键作用；（7）在过去十年中，全球范围内从未实现过针对 SAC 或非 SAC 治疗类别的尿路血吸虫病的 45%治疗覆盖率。
鉴于世界卫生组织到 2020 年消除血吸虫病的战略计划以及本综述的结果，很明显，在现实面前，这一目标可能无法实现。必须适度扩大年度控制计划，特别是在世界卫生组织的非洲区域。虽然应该在基层赞助基于 US 的研究以揭示隐藏的流行焦点，但应该在全球所有学校建立适当的水、环境卫生和个人卫生（WASH）设施。
