Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
Pharmacol Res. 2019 Mar;141:429-442. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.030. Epub 2019 Jan 16.
Nowadays, it is known that the sex differences regard many organs, e.g., liver, vessels, pancreas, lungs, bronchi and also the brain. Sex differences are not just a matter of ethical and moral principles, as they are central to explain many still unknown diseases and their understanding is a prerequisite to develop an effective therapy for each individual. This review reports on those sex differences that are not only macroscopic and morphological, but also involve molecular and functional dimorphism in the brain. It will recapitulate the main structural differences between male and female brain including the neurotransmission systems; in particular, the main objective is to identify a correlation, already known or to be investigated in the future, between the differences that characterize male and female brains from a morphological and biochemical point of view and neurological syndromes. This correlation could provide a starting point for future scientific research aimed to investigate and define a personalized therapy.
如今，人们已经知道性别差异不仅存在于肝脏、血管、胰腺、肺部、支气管等器官，也存在于大脑中。性别差异不仅是伦理和道德原则的问题，也是解释许多尚未被了解的疾病的核心，而了解这些差异是为每个人开发有效治疗方法的前提。本综述报告了那些不仅在宏观和形态学上，而且在大脑的分子和功能上存在的性别差异。它将回顾男性和女性大脑之间的主要结构差异，包括神经传递系统；特别是，主要目标是确定从形态学和生化角度描述男性和女性大脑的差异与神经综合征之间已经存在或未来有待研究的相关性。这种相关性可以为未来旨在调查和定义个性化治疗的科学研究提供起点。
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