School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 20;657:781-791. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.080. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
Human activities and regional land development have caused intense interference to ecosystems. With rapid development of economy and urgent needs of life quality improvements in China, sustainable ecosystem management is crucial for national ecological civilization construction. However, few studies have focused on supply-demand patterns of ecosystem services on a national scale in China. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns and changes in the supply-demand of ecosystem services and to explore their interactive relationship in the context of economic development and urbanization drivers. The ecosystem services provision index (ESPI) and land development index (LDI) were proposed to indicate the supply and demand for ecosystem services. The results indicated that the Low supply-High demand (L-H) pattern accounted for 3.27% of the total land area in China and was mainly concentrated in developed regions and some capital cities, where 28.95% of the total population and 51.93% of the country's GDP was generated in 2015. The spatial imbalance in the supply-demand of ecosystem services was obvious. From 2000 to 2015, the imbalance was shrinking, and regions with negative changes in supply-demand patterns were declining. During 2000-2008, there was an obvious transformation from Low supply-Low demand (L-L) to High supply-Low demand (H-L), which accounted for 12.44% of the total land area due to Grain for Green and other ecological protection policies. The proportion of ecological land to total land area, vegetation cover and elevation were significantly correlated with the supply of ecosystem services. In the meantime, ESPI was negatively correlated with LDI in most regions in China. There were also regional differences in their relationships. The rapid economic growth and the intensive land development resulted in a more significant decrease in ESPI in the developed regions than that in the undeveloped North and Northeast China. The results of this study could contribute to sustainable ecosystem management and decision-making for Chinese ecological civilization construction.
人类活动和区域土地开发对生态系统造成了强烈干扰。随着中国经济的快速发展和生活质量改善的迫切需求，可持续的生态系统管理对国家生态文明建设至关重要。然而，中国很少有研究关注全国范围内生态系统服务的供需格局。本研究旨在分析生态系统服务的供需时空格局及其变化，并在经济发展和城市化驱动的背景下探讨它们的相互关系。提出了生态系统服务供给指数（ESPI）和土地开发指数（LDI）来表示生态系统服务的供给和需求。结果表明，低供给-高需求（L-H）格局占中国土地总面积的 3.27%，主要集中在发达地区和一些省会城市，2015 年这些地区集中了全国 28.95%的人口和 51.93%的 GDP。生态系统服务供需的空间不平衡明显。从 2000 年到 2015 年，这种不平衡在缩小，供需格局负向变化的地区在减少。2000-2008 年，由于退耕还林等生态保护政策，低供给-低需求（L-L）向高供给-低需求（H-L）的转变明显，占土地总面积的 12.44%。生态用地占土地总面积、植被覆盖度和海拔与生态系统服务供给呈显著正相关。同时，在中国大部分地区，ESPI 与 LDI 呈负相关。它们之间的关系也存在区域差异。经济的快速增长和土地的集约化开发导致发达地区 ESPI 的下降幅度明显大于中国北部和东北部欠发达地区。本研究结果可为中国生态文明建设中的可持续生态系统管理和决策提供参考。
