Grewe K, Crawford M H, O'Rourke R A
University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio.
Curr Probl Cardiol. 1988 Oct;13(10):669-721. doi: 10.1016/0146-2806(88)90010-2.
The techniques described in this monograph will aid in the accurate identification of the origin of a cardiac murmur or abnormal heart sound. They do not necessarily reveal the presence or severity of cardiac disease. No maneuver is 100% accurate in elucidation of cardiac abnormalities, and a given maneuver's effectiveness varies in its application. The systematic application of a combination of maneuvers improves the accuracy of diagnosis. Auscultatory findings must be interpreted with consideration of the total clinical examination including history, other physical findings, ECG, chest x-ray, and possibly an echocardiogram. Thus, the careful physiological approach to the physical examination represents a powerful noninvasive tool that can be used in combination with other information to accurately diagnose cardiac disease in many patients and efficiently direct further evaluation when necessary.
本专著中描述的技术将有助于准确识别心脏杂音或异常心音的来源。它们不一定能揭示心脏病的存在或严重程度。没有任何一种手法在阐明心脏异常方面是100%准确的，而且特定手法的有效性在应用中会有所不同。联合应用多种手法可提高诊断的准确性。听诊结果必须结合全面的临床检查进行解读，包括病史、其他体格检查结果、心电图、胸部X线检查，可能还包括超声心动图。因此，对体格检查采用严谨的生理学方法是一种强大的非侵入性工具，可与其他信息结合使用，以准确诊断许多患者的心脏病，并在必要时有效地指导进一步评估。
