Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), ESEFID/LAPEX/BIOMEC, Rua Felizardo, 750, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90690-200, Brazil.
Gait Posture. 2019 Mar;69:112-120. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.001. Epub 2019 Jan 2.
Surface topography is a radiation-free examination that provides relevant information for the evaluation of patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). However, its usage is not standardized, which restricts the applicability of this instrument.
(a) To identify the anatomical reference markers used on surface topography; (b) to identify the parameters used on surface topography; and (c) to pool correlation and reproducibility results.
Systematic searches were conducted following MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. The methodological quality was assessed according to Brink & Louw appraisal tool.
Twenty-three studies were included for the qualitative synthesis. The most commonly used anatomical reference markers were: the prominent vertebra (C7 or T1), the posterior superior iliac spines (PSISs) and the sacrum (S1). The parameters for the evaluation of the AIS by surface topography are: spinal inclination angle (analogous to Cobb), gibbosity, thoracic kyphosis angle, lumbar lordosis angle, pelvic obliquity, spine length, apex of the curve, C7-S1 distance (frontal plane), and C7-S1 displacement (sagittal plane). Data from eleven studies were metanalyzed and evidenced the correlation of the surface topography with X-ray exams and the reproducibility of the surface topography in the sagittal and frontal planes.
The findings of this study recommend the use of a protocol for the application of the equipment. The analyzed studies predict the use of only four markers for anatomical reference. The evaluation of the AIS can be carried out observing nine parameters. Surface topography correlates with radiography when the spinal inclination angle (Cobb angle), thoracic kyphosis angle and lumbar lordosis angle are compared. Also, surface topography presents inter and intra-rater reproducibility in the sagittal plane and intra-rater reproducibility in the frontal plane.
表面地形学是一种无辐射的检查方法，可为评估青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者提供相关信息。但是，其使用尚未标准化，这限制了该仪器的适用性。
（a）确定表面地形学上使用的解剖参考标记；（b）确定表面地形学上使用的参数；（c）汇总相关和可重复性结果。
根据 MOOSE（观察性研究的荟萃分析）指南进行系统搜索。根据 Brink 和 Louw 评估工具评估方法学质量。
有 23 项研究纳入定性综合分析。最常用的解剖参考标记是：明显的椎体（C7 或 T1）、后上髂棘（PSIS）和骶骨（S1）。通过表面地形学评估 AIS 的参数包括：脊柱倾斜角（与 Cobb 类似）、后凸、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、骨盆倾斜、脊柱长度、曲线顶点、C7-S1 距离（额状面）和 C7-S1 位移（矢状面）。来自 11 项研究的数据进行了荟萃分析，并证明了表面地形学与 X 射线检查的相关性以及表面地形学在矢状面和额状面的可重复性。
本研究的结果建议使用设备应用协议。分析研究预测仅使用四个标记用于解剖参考。可以通过观察九个参数来评估 AIS。当比较脊柱倾斜角（Cobb 角）、胸椎后凸角和腰椎前凸角时，表面地形学与放射照相相关。此外，表面地形学在矢状面具有观察者内和观察者间可重复性，在额状面具有观察者内可重复性。
