Global Marine and Polar Programme, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Independent, Basel, Switzerland.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Apr 1;235:463-479. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.067. Epub 2019 Jan 31.
Carbon offset credits, and associated projects, are acclaimed to address economic, environmental and social issues simultaneously. However, critics argue that carbon offset mechanisms are ill equipped to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development. Social standards now exist to provide robust methods for assessing the social and biodiversity performance of carbon offset projects and credible impact assessments to help ensure positive outcomes for local people and biodiversity. Following such a standard, and simultaneously applying the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, we develop the Coastal Carbon Impacts Framework (CCIF) as a conceptual framework to document the potential positive and negative impacts of coastal carbon offset projects on local livelihoods. We apply the CCIF to four case studies and derive its main livelihood outcomes as well as describe potential long-term impacts. By using the capitals approach, the CCIF is able to dismantle the different impact areas into smaller entities. This allows a more detailed analysis on the positive and negative impacts a project has on communities - across the natural, financial, social, human, physical, cultural and political capital. While the case studies analysed show mainly positive outcomes, certainly no project is without risk of negatively impacting the community. The CCIF is however able to demonstrate potential social risk areas. If applied to additional coastal carbon offset projects, best practice documents, community engagement and the monitoring and evaluation process of such projects can be improved.
碳抵消信用额及其相关项目据称可以同时解决经济、环境和社会问题。然而，批评者认为，碳抵消机制无法帮助发展中国家实现可持续发展。目前已经存在社会标准，为评估碳抵消项目的社会和生物多样性绩效以及可信的影响评估提供了强有力的方法，以帮助确保当地人民和生物多样性的积极成果。遵循这样的标准，并同时应用可持续生计方法，我们开发了沿海碳影响框架（CCIF），作为一个概念框架，记录沿海碳抵消项目对当地生计的潜在积极和消极影响。我们将 CCIF 应用于四个案例研究，并得出其主要生计结果，并描述潜在的长期影响。通过使用资本方法，CCIF 可以将不同的影响领域分解为更小的实体。这使得我们能够更详细地分析项目对社区的积极和消极影响——包括自然资本、金融资本、社会资本、人力资本、物质资本、文化资本和政治资本。虽然分析的案例研究主要显示出积极的结果，但没有一个项目没有给社区带来负面影响的风险。然而，CCIF 能够展示潜在的社会风险领域。如果将其应用于其他沿海碳抵消项目，可以改进最佳实践文件、社区参与以及这些项目的监测和评估过程。
