Design of a liquid nano-sized drug delivery system with enhanced solubility of rivaroxaban for venous thromboembolism management in paediatric patients and emergency cases.

The increasing incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in paediatric population has stimulated the development of liquid anticoagulant formulations. Thus our goal is to formulate a liquid formulation of poorly-water soluble anticoagulant, rivaroxaban (RIVA), for paediatric use and to assess the possibility of its intravenous administration in emergencies. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) were developed and characterized. SNEDDS constituents were estimated from the saturated solubility study followed by plotting the corresponding ternary phase diagrams to determine the best self-emulsified systems. Thermodynamic stability, emulsification, dispersibility, robustness to dilution tests, dissolution, particle size, and zeta potential were executed to optimize the formulations. The optimized formulation, that composed of Capryol 90:Tween 20:PEG 300 (5:45:50), increased RIVA solubility (285.7-fold than water), it formed nanoemulsion with a particle size of 16.15 nm, PDI of 0.25 and zeta potential of -21.8. It released 100.83 ± 2.78% of RIVA after 5 min. SNEDDS was robust to dilution with oral and parenteral fluids and showed safety to human RBCs. SNEDDS showed enhanced bioavailability after oral and intravenous administration than the oral drug suspension (by 1.25 and 1.26-fold, respectively). Moreover, it exhibited enhanced anticoagulant efficacy in the prevention and treatment of carrageenan-induced thrombosis rat model.