The nasopharyngeal tonsil, "adenoid pad," or "the adenoids," is a grouping of lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the level of the soft palate. The adenoids, along with the faucial tonsils, lingual tonsils, and tubal tonsils of Gerlach make up what is known as Waldeyer's ring, a circumferential collection of lymphoid tissue that surrounds the upper aerodigestive tract, named for Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German anatomist at the turn of the 20th century. Together, these tissues are essential to the human immune system early in life. Antigens, introduced through the oral and nasal cavities, come into contact with the immune cells of Waldeyer's ring; these cells then contribute to immunologic memory and produce IgA antibodies. This process is thought to result in a "priming" of the immune system in infancy. The adenoids are present at birth and enlarge throughout childhood, reaching peak size by age 7. Most individuals regress in size during puberty and may be nearly absent by adulthood. For this reason, adenoiditis is commonly a problem in childhood and adolescence. Adenoiditis occurs when the adenoid tissue is inflammation resulting from infection, allergies, or irritation from stomach acid as a component of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Adenoiditis rarely occurs independently and is more often involved in a more extensive disease process such as adenotonsillitis, pharyngitis, rhinosinusitis, etc. Continual irritation may lead to adenoid hypertrophy, which is responsible for many of the complications of adenoid disease, including Eustachian tube dysfunction and recurrent acute otitis media. Adenoiditis can be classified as acute or chronic. See Adenoiditis. The adenoids receive their blood supply from the ascending pharyngeal, maxillary, and facial arteries. Venous drainage occurs through the pharyngeal veins. The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves supply Innervation. Adenoid size is graded on a scale of zero to 4: 0 absent. 1+ <25% obstruction of the nasopharynx. 2+ 25-50% obstruction. 3+ 50-75% obstruction. 4+ >75% obstruction .
鼻咽扁桃体，即“腺样体”或“增殖体”，是位于鼻咽后壁软腭水平的一组淋巴组织。腺样体与腭扁桃体、舌扁桃体以及咽鼓管扁桃体（格腊赫扁桃体）共同构成了所谓的瓦尔代尔环，这是围绕上呼吸道的一圈淋巴组织，以20世纪之交的德国解剖学家海因里希·威廉·戈特弗里德·冯·瓦尔代尔 - 哈茨的名字命名。这些组织共同作用，在生命早期对人体免疫系统至关重要。通过口腔和鼻腔进入的抗原与瓦尔代尔环的免疫细胞接触；这些细胞随后有助于免疫记忆并产生IgA抗体。这个过程被认为会导致婴儿期免疫系统的“启动”。腺样体在出生时就存在，并在整个儿童期不断增大，到7岁时达到最大尺寸。大多数人在青春期时腺样体大小会缩小，到成年时可能几乎消失。因此，腺样体炎通常是儿童和青少年时期的问题。当腺样体组织因感染、过敏或胃食管反流（LPR）中的胃酸刺激而发生炎症时，就会出现腺样体炎。腺样体炎很少单独发生，更常与更广泛的疾病过程相关，如腺样体扁桃体炎、咽炎、鼻窦炎等。持续刺激可能导致腺样体肥大，这是腺样体疾病许多并发症的原因，包括咽鼓管功能障碍和复发性急性中耳炎。腺样体炎可分为急性或慢性。见腺样体炎。腺样体的血液供应来自咽升动脉、上颌动脉和面动脉。静脉回流通过咽静脉。迷走神经和舌咽神经提供神经支配。腺样体大小按0至4级分级：0级为无；1+级为鼻咽阻塞小于25%；2+级为鼻咽阻塞25%至50%；3+级为鼻咽阻塞50%至75%；4+级为鼻咽阻塞大于75%。
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