Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Development, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
Disabil Rehabil. 2020 Sep;42(18):2621-2630. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1566408. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Research has demonstrated the advantages of an external relative to internal focus of attention for enhancing motor performance and learning across diverse tasks, contexts and populations. However, research has yet to examine whether this finding holds true for individuals who have a major visual impairment in discrete and locomotion-based continuous motor tasks. In experiment 1, twenty-four visually impaired participants were asked to kick a soccer ball with their dominant foot to a target 7 meters away. Participants performed 10 trials within an internal focus (concentration on inside of the foot), external focus (concentration on the ball), and control (no focus instructions) conditions, in a counterbalanced order. In experiment 2, thirty-nine visually impaired adults were asked to ride a rehabilitation Pedalo for a distance of 7 meters. Participants were randomly assigned to either an internal focus (focus on the feet), external focus (focus on the platform), or control (no focus instructions) group. Retention and transfer tests were conducted on day 2. An external focus resulted in more accurate kicks and faster pedalo movement times compared to an internal focus. These findings indicate that visual information does not mediate external focus benefits for motor performance and learning.Implications for RehabilitationPractitioners should use instructions that encourage visually impaired individuals who are going through rehabilitation to adopt an appropriate focus of attention for enhancing motor performance and learning of discrete or locomotion-based motor skills.Instructions that foster an external focus, relative to an internal focus, enhances performance of both discrete and continuous motor skills in individuals with visual impairment.
研究表明，在不同的任务、情境和人群中，将注意力集中于外部相对于内部，有助于提高运动表现和学习效果。然而，目前还没有研究检验这一发现是否适用于在离散和基于运动的连续运动任务中存在严重视力障碍的个体。在实验 1 中，24 名视力障碍参与者被要求用惯用脚将足球踢向 7 米远的目标。参与者在内部焦点（关注脚的内部）、外部焦点（关注球）和控制（无焦点指示）条件下各完成 10 次试次，以平衡的顺序进行。在实验 2 中，39 名视力障碍成年人被要求骑康复 Pedalo 行驶 7 米。参与者被随机分配到内部焦点（关注脚部）、外部焦点（关注平台）或控制（无焦点指示）组。在第 2 天进行保留和转移测试。与内部焦点相比，外部焦点使踢腿更准确，Pedalo 移动时间更快。这些发现表明，视觉信息不会影响外部焦点对运动表现和学习的益处。
康复从业者应使用鼓励正在接受康复的视力障碍个体采用适当注意力焦点的指导，以增强其运动表现和离散或基于运动的运动技能的学习。与内部焦点相比，外部焦点指导可以提高视力障碍个体的离散和连续运动技能表现。
