Department of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan.
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of Radio Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
Sensors (Basel). 2019 Feb 6;19(3):662. doi: 10.3390/s19030662.
The integration of greater functionalities into vehicles increases the complexity of car-controlling. Many research efforts are dedicated to designing car-controlling systems that allow users to instruct the car just to show it what it should do; however, for non-expert users, controlling the car with a remote or a switch is complicated. So, keeping this in mind, this paper presents an Arduino based car-controlling system that no longer requires manual control of the cars. Two main contributions are presented in this work. Firstly, we show that the car can be controlled with hand-gestures, according to the movement and position of the hand. The hand-gesture system works with an Arduino Nano, accelerometer, and radio-frequency (RF) transmitter. The accelerometer (attached with the hand-glove) senses the acceleration forces that are produced by the hand movement, and it will transfer the data to the Arduino Nano that is placed on hand glove. After receiving the data, Arduino Nano will convert it into different angle values in ranges of 0°⁻450° and send the data to the RF receiver of the Arduino Uno, which is placed on the car through the RF transmitter. Secondly, the proposed car system is to be controlled by an android based mobile-application with different modes (e.g., touch buttons mode, voice recognition mode). The mobile-application system is the extension of the hand-gesture system with the addition of Bluetooth module. In this case, whenever the user presses any of the touch buttons in the application, and/or gives voice commands, the corresponding signal is sent to the Arduino Uno. After receiving the signal, Arduino will check this against its predefined instructions for moving forward, backward, left, right, and brake; then it will send the command to the motor module to move the car in the corresponding direction. In addition, an automatic obstacle detection system is introduced to improve the safety measurements to avoid any hazards with the help of sensors placed at the front of the car. The proposed systems are designed as a lab-scale prototype to experimentally validate the efficiency, accuracy, and affordability of the systems. The experimental results prove that the proposed work has all in one capability (hand-gesture, touch buttons and voice-recognition with mobile-application, obstacle detection), is very easy to use, and can be easily assembled in a simple hardware circuit. We remark that the proposed systems can be implemented under real conditions at large-scale in the future, which will be useful in automobiles and robotics applications.
将更多功能集成到车辆中会增加对车辆的控制复杂性。许多研究工作致力于设计允许用户仅通过指示汽车应该做什么来控制汽车的汽车控制系统；然而，对于非专业用户来说，通过遥控器或开关来控制汽车是很复杂的。因此，考虑到这一点，本文提出了一种基于 Arduino 的汽车控制系统，不再需要手动控制汽车。本文主要有两个贡献。首先，我们展示了可以根据手的运动和位置对手势进行控制。手势系统使用 Arduino Nano、加速度计和射频 (RF) 发射器。加速度计（附在手手套上）感测手运动产生的加速度力，并将数据传输到放置在手手套上的 Arduino Nano。接收数据后，Arduino Nano 将其转换为 0°⁻450°范围内的不同角度值，并通过 RF 发射器将数据发送到放置在汽车上的 Arduino Uno 的 RF 接收器。其次，所提出的汽车系统可以通过具有不同模式（例如，触摸按钮模式、语音识别模式）的基于 Android 的移动应用程序进行控制。移动应用系统是手势系统的扩展，增加了蓝牙模块。在这种情况下，当用户按下应用程序中的任何触摸按钮和/或发出语音命令时，相应的信号将被发送到 Arduino Uno。接收到信号后，Arduino 将根据其预先定义的前进、后退、左、右和刹车指令检查此信号；然后它将向电机模块发送命令，使汽车向相应的方向移动。此外，引入了自动障碍物检测系统，以借助放置在汽车前部的传感器提高安全性措施，避免任何危险。所提出的系统被设计为实验室规模的原型，以实验验证系统的效率、准确性和可负担性。实验结果证明，所提出的工作具有（手势、触摸按钮和语音识别与移动应用程序、障碍物检测）的综合能力，非常易于使用，并且可以在简单的硬件电路中轻松组装。我们指出，未来可以在大规模的实际条件下实现所提出的系统，这将在汽车和机器人应用中非常有用。
