US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, ENV, Building 3, Room 1005, 3801W. Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.
Environ Manage. 2019 Mar;63(3):379-395. doi: 10.1007/s00267-019-01140-3. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Urban parks are valued for their benefits to ecological and human systems, likely to increase in importance as climate change effects continue to unfold. However, the ability of parks to provide those myriad benefits hinges on equitable provision of and access to green spaces and their environmental quality. A social-ecological approach was adopted in a study of urban park use by recreationists in the City of Los Angeles, contrasting two affluent and two disadvantaged communities situated in coastal and inland zones. Twenty-four days of observations distributed across morning and afternoon time blocks were gathered, with observations in each day drawn from a pair of affluent and disadvantaged community parks. Observers noted location, gender, age, ethnicity/race, and level of physical activity of each visitor encountered during four scheduled observation sweeps on each day of field work. In addition, ozone dose exposure was measured through passive monitoring. Ozone dose exposure was calculated using average hourly ozone in ppb multiplied by METS (metabolic expenditures). Dose exposure was significantly higher in the disadvantaged community parks (with majority Latino use). Findings suggest that additional monitoring in disadvantaged communities, especially inland, may be prudent to facilitate community-based information as well as to assess the degree of potential impact over time. Additionally, mitigative strategies placed in urban parks, such as increased tree canopy may help to reduce the degree of risk and improve community resilience. Future research examining the positive outcomes from physically active use of urban parks may benefit from adopting a nuanced approach in light of the present findings.
城市公园因其对生态和人类系统的益处而受到重视，随着气候变化影响的持续显现，其重要性可能会增加。然而，公园能否提供这些众多益处，取决于绿色空间的公平配置和获取以及其环境质量。本研究采用社会-生态方法，对比了位于沿海和内陆地区的两个富裕社区和两个贫困社区的娱乐者对城市公园的使用情况。在这项研究中，研究人员在洛杉矶市进行了 24 天的观测，观测时间分布在上午和下午两个时间段，每天在一对富裕社区公园和贫困社区公园进行观测。观察者记录了每个遇到的游客的位置、性别、年龄、族裔/种族和身体活动水平。此外，还通过被动监测测量了臭氧剂量暴露。臭氧剂量暴露是通过将每小时的平均臭氧浓度（ppb）乘以代谢支出（METS）来计算的。在贫困社区公园（主要是拉丁裔使用）的臭氧剂量暴露显著更高。研究结果表明，在贫困社区，特别是内陆地区，可能需要进行更多的监测，以促进基于社区的信息，并评估随着时间的推移潜在影响的程度。此外，在城市公园中采取增加树冠等缓解策略可能有助于降低风险程度并提高社区的恢复力。鉴于本研究的发现，未来研究在考察城市公园积极的身体活动结果时，可能需要采取细致入微的方法。
