Department of Linguistics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA,
Phonetica. 2020;77(2):131-160. doi: 10.1159/000494301. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Phonation types, or contrastive voice qualities, are minimally produced using complex movements of the vocal folds, but may additionally involve constriction in the supraglottal and pharyngeal cavities. These complex articulations in turn produce a multidimensional acoustic output that can be modeled in various ways. In this study, I investigate whether the psychoacoustic model of voice by Kreiman et al. (2014) succeeds at distinguishing six phonation types of !Xóõ. Linear discriminant analysis is performed using parameters from the model averaged over the entire vowel as well as for the first and final halves of the vowel. The results indicate very high classification accuracy for all phonation types. Measures averaged over the vowel's entire duration are closely correlated with the discriminant functions, suggesting that they are sufficient for distinguishing even dynamic phonation types. Measures from all classes of parameters are correlated with the linear discriminant functions; in particular, the "strident" vowels, which are harsh in quality, are characterized by their noise, changes in spectral tilt, decrease in voicing amplitude and frequency, and raising of the first formant. Despite the large number of contrasts and the time-varying characteristics of many of the phonation types, the phonation contrasts in !Xóõ remain well differentiated acoustically.
发音类型，或对比语音特征，是通过声带的复杂运动最小化产生的，但可能还涉及到声门上和咽腔的收缩。这些复杂的发音反过来又产生了多维的声学输出，可以通过各种方式进行建模。在这项研究中，我研究了 Kreiman 等人（2014）的语音心理声学模型是否能够区分六种!Xóõ 的发音类型。使用模型的参数进行线性判别分析，这些参数是在整个元音以及元音的前半部分和后半部分平均得出的。结果表明，所有发音类型的分类准确率都非常高。在整个元音持续时间内平均的测量值与判别函数密切相关，这表明它们足以区分甚至是动态的发音类型。所有参数类别的测量值都与线性判别函数相关；特别是“刺耳”的元音，其质量刺耳，其特征是噪声、频谱倾斜变化、发声幅度和频率降低以及第一共振峰升高。尽管有大量的对比和许多发音类型的时变特征，但!Xóõ 的发音对比在声学上仍然很好地区分开来。
