University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 May 1;663:971-979. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.368. Epub 2019 Jan 30.
Vegetable production systems involve the use of high rates of fertilizer application, leading to significant losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the environment, resulting in water body eutrophication through surface runoff and leaching. We here quantify, at the national level, total N and P runoff losses and the key factors controlling runoff in open-field vegetable systems in China, by summarizing data from 151 publications pertaining to 13 Chinese provinces using literature dating back to 1990. Rank analysis was employed to clarify the impact of N and P runoff losses in vegetable systems, and different strategies for controlling N and P entering into water bodies are being compared. Vegetable production systems have higher fertilizer inputs (264.3 kg N ha, 101.0 kg P ha) compared with upland crop and rice cultivation. As a result, annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) losses via runoff from vegetable systems reached 16.5 kg ha and 3.45 kg ha, respectively, and the N and P loss ratio for fruit vegetable systems reached 13.1% and 3.95% of the total fertilizer input, respectively. In the summer-autumn growing season, soil nutrient losses were the highest, accounting for 44% to 89% of the whole year. Redundancy analysis revealed that the most critical factor determining runoff losses was runoff volume. N and P runoff losses were also largely dependent on total soil N (TSN) and Olsen-P, respectively. Therefore, quantitative data for the national N and P runoff losses in vegetable production systems provide a scientific basis for an effective optimization of fertilizer applications.
蔬菜生产系统涉及大量化肥的使用，导致氮（N）和磷（P）大量流失到环境中，通过地表径流和淋溶导致水体富营养化。我们在这里通过总结中国 13 个省份的 151 篇文献的数据，对中国露地蔬菜系统中总氮和总磷径流损失及其关键控制因素进行了量化，这些文献的数据可追溯到 1990 年。秩分析用于阐明蔬菜系统中氮和磷径流损失的影响，并比较了不同的控制氮和磷进入水体的策略。蔬菜生产系统的肥料投入量（N 264.3kg/公顷，P 101.0kg/公顷）高于旱地作物和水稻种植。因此，蔬菜系统每年通过径流损失的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）分别达到 16.5kg/公顷和 3.45kg/公顷，果菜系统的氮和磷损失率分别达到总肥料投入的 13.1%和 3.95%。在夏秋季生长季节，土壤养分流失最高，占全年的 44%至 89%。冗余分析表明，决定径流损失的最关键因素是径流量。氮和磷的径流损失也在很大程度上取决于土壤全氮（TSN）和Olsen-P。因此，蔬菜生产系统中全国氮和磷径流损失的定量数据为有效优化肥料施用提供了科学依据。
