Factors limiting the recruitment of , a dominant evergreen oak in SW China.

is a dominant species of oak in the Asian evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern China but seedlings are uncommon and recruitment is rare. Annual acorn production by is variable and the acorns are exposed to a series of mortality risks. Understanding the factors that limit recruitment of the oak requires knowledge of the oak's life cycle from acorn production to germination and seedling establishment. In this study, we first tested the effects of acorn density on establishment of seedlings by placing batches of acorns at different densities throughout the study area. Second, we tested the effects of herbivores on seedling survival by erecting fences around both natural and transplanted seedling populations. Our results show that even though the rate of seedling establishment increases as acorn density increases (for 32-8000 acorns∙m), survival rates of seedlings in the field were generally low (0-0.6%). We show that seedling recruitment of is mainly limited to the acorn stage where 88% of the acorns died from the combined effects of desiccation and predation by weevils () and bark beetles ( sp.). Herbivory results in the death of some seedlings and consequently also affects the recruitment of seedlings of .