Coronary CT Angiography in Challenging Patients: High Heart Rate and Atrial Fibrillation. A Review.

Despite several strategies have been developed by different vendors to improve image quality and diagnostic accuracy of coronary CT angiography performed at high heart rate (HR) and HR variability, as in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), some concerns and small clinical experience characterize these subsets of challenging patients. However, patients with AF have been reported to have higher risk of cardiovascular events and noninvasive evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease in this setting may be of extreme clinical interest. The goal of this review is to provide to the reader an overview on the use of cardiac CT in patients with AF and high HR and to outline the technological improvements recently introduced in the clinical field that may enable to definitively overcome the limitations of cardiac CT in this challenging scenario.