Gilbert A T
Rev Sci Tech. 2018 Aug;37(2):371-384. doi: 10.20506/rst.37.2.2808.
Rabies is an ancient zoonotic disease caused by infection with the rabies virus (RABV). While the circulation of RABV in domestic dogs has been appreciated for centuries, the recognition of bat and wild carnivore reservoirs began in the early part of the 20th century. Bats are the ancestral reservoir of RABV and a remarkable diversity of species perpetuate distinct lineages of the virus, despite the fact that circulation in bats is geographically limited to the New World fauna. The circulation of RABV in domestic dogs likely represents a historic shift from a bat reservoir, although the timing and details of such an ancient event have been difficult to resolve from the virus genetic evidence. Since becoming established in the domestic dog population, RABV has undergone repeated host shifts to wild carnivores globally. These shifts have most frequently been to species within families of the Caniformia suborder of carnivores. The circulation of RABV in bats has been linked to host shifts to wild carnivore reservoirs in North and South America. It is clear that RABV has been incredibly successful at exploiting diverse chiropteran and carnivore hosts. With improved control of circulation in domestic dogs, surveillance is likely to yield additional discoveries regarding the diversity of wildlife reservoirs and vectors of RABV.
狂犬病是一种由狂犬病病毒（RABV）感染引起的古老人畜共患病。虽然人们几个世纪以来都认识到家犬中狂犬病病毒的传播，但对蝙蝠和野生食肉动物作为病毒宿主的认识始于20世纪初。蝙蝠是狂犬病病毒的原始宿主，尽管病毒在蝙蝠中的传播在地理上仅限于新大陆动物群，但仍有大量不同种类的蝙蝠使该病毒的不同谱系得以延续。家犬中狂犬病病毒的传播可能代表了从蝙蝠宿主的历史性转变，尽管如此古老事件的时间和细节很难从病毒基因证据中确定。自在家犬群体中定殖以来，狂犬病病毒在全球范围内多次转移到野生食肉动物宿主。这些转移最常发生在食肉目犬型亚目的科内物种之间。蝙蝠中狂犬病病毒的传播与病毒转移到南北美洲的野生食肉动物宿主有关。很明显，狂犬病病毒在利用各种翼手目动物和食肉动物宿主方面极其成功。随着家犬中病毒传播得到更好的控制，监测可能会带来关于狂犬病病毒野生动物宿主和传播媒介多样性的更多发现。
