Waste and Hazardous Substance Management Division, Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 92 Soi Phahonyothin 7, Phahonyothin Rd., Phayathai, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Apr 15;236:613-621. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.141. Epub 2019 Feb 14.
Rapid urbanisation, with associated housing and infrastructure demands, leads to increased mining and use of non-renewable mineral raw materials needed for the construction industry including concrete and cement. In an emerging economy, like Thailand, which is part of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), current environmental management policies are insufficient to reduce raw material requirements or waste from demolition by generating inputs to construction through reuse or recycling. As part of the European Union (EU), Great Britain has successfully implemented integrated policies and achieved high rates of recycled aggregates in construction (29%) and a 70% reuse and recycling target for construction and demolition (C&D) waste. In this paper, Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of cement/concrete materials is combined with an interpretation of related policies to provide a deeper understanding how to achieve more sustainable management of natural resources. A comparative MFA for the construction industry in Great Britain and Thailand (representing an ASEAN country) has been developed that quantifies raw material inputs, buildings and infrastructure outputs, so that the practices in the two countries can be contrasted. We report domestic cement production and import/export data, and calculate the raw materials needed for cement and its calcination process for concrete production. Considering the most relevant policies and taxation in Great Britain, we identify possible ways forward for Thailand by introducing new policies and taxation that will have positive effects on raw material extraction, processing, construction and disposal practices and disposal behaviors. Following the MFA and policy analysis, we believe that similar benefits apply to other emerging economies.
快速的城市化进程，伴随着住房和基础设施需求的增加，导致建筑行业对包括混凝土和水泥在内的不可再生矿物原料的开采和使用增加。在泰国等东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）成员国这样的新兴经济体中，目前的环境管理政策不足以通过再利用或回收来为建筑生成投入，从而减少原材料的需求或拆除产生的废物。作为欧盟（EU）的一部分，英国成功地实施了综合政策，并在建筑（29%）中实现了高比例的再生骨料，同时为建筑和拆除（C&D）废物设定了 70%的再利用和回收目标。在本文中，水泥/混凝土材料的物质流分析（MFA）与相关政策的解释相结合，深入了解如何实现自然资源的更可持续管理。针对英国和泰国（代表东盟国家）的建筑行业进行了比较 MFA，量化了原材料投入、建筑物和基础设施产出，以便对比两国的做法。我们报告了国内水泥生产和进出口数据，并计算了生产水泥及其用于混凝土煅烧过程所需的原材料。考虑到英国最相关的政策和税收，我们通过引入新的政策和税收，为泰国确定了前进的可能方向，这些政策和税收将对原材料开采、加工、建筑和处置实践以及处置行为产生积极影响。在进行 MFA 和政策分析之后，我们认为类似的好处也适用于其他新兴经济体。
