Chopin Adrien, Bavelier Daphne, Levi Dennis Michael
Faculte de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland.
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2019 Mar;39(2):66-85. doi: 10.1111/opo.12607.
Stereoscopic vision (or stereopsis) is the ability to perceive depth from binocular disparity - the difference of viewpoints between the two eyes. Interestingly, there are large individual differences as to how well one can appreciate depth from such a cue. The total absence of stereoscopic vision, called 'stereoblindness', has been associated with negative behavioural outcomes such as poor distance estimation. Surprisingly, the prevalence of stereoblindness remains unclear, as it appears highly dependent on the way in which stereopsis is measured.
This review highlights the fact that stereopsis is not a unitary construct, but rather implies different systems. The optimal conditions for measuring these varieties of stereoscopic information processing are discussed given the goal of detecting stereoblindness, using either psychophysical or clinical stereotests. In that light, we then discuss the estimates of stereoblindness prevalence of past studies.
We identify four different approaches that all converge toward a prevalence of stereoblindness of 7% (median approach: 7%; unambiguous-stereoblindness-criteria approach: 7%; visual-defect-included approach: 7%; multiple-criteria approach: 7%). We note that these estimates were derived considering adults of age <60 years old. Older adults may have a higher prevalence. Finally, we make recommendations for a new ecological definition of stereoblindness and for efficient clinical methods for determining stereoblindness by adapting existing tools.
立体视觉（或立体视）是指通过双眼视差（两眼之间视点的差异）来感知深度的能力。有趣的是，个体在通过这种线索感知深度的能力上存在很大差异。完全没有立体视觉，即“立体盲”，与诸如距离估计不佳等负面行为结果有关。令人惊讶的是，立体盲的患病率仍不明确，因为它似乎高度依赖于立体视的测量方式。
这篇综述强调了立体视不是一个单一的概念，而是意味着不同的系统。考虑到使用心理物理学或临床立体测试来检测立体盲的目标，讨论了测量这些不同类型立体信息处理的最佳条件。鉴于此，我们接着讨论过去研究中对立体盲患病率的估计。
我们确定了四种不同的方法，所有这些方法都得出立体盲患病率为7%（中位数方法：7%；明确的立体盲标准方法：7%；包括视觉缺陷的方法：7%；多标准方法：7%）。我们注意到这些估计是针对年龄小于60岁的成年人得出的。老年人的患病率可能更高。最后，我们对立体盲的新生态学定义以及通过改编现有工具来确定立体盲的有效临床方法提出建议。
