School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Apr;26(11):10854-10866. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04461-2. Epub 2019 Feb 18.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a kind of emerging contaminants, but the information about their pollution profile and ecological risk are still scarce in China. In this study, 31 surface water samples of Haihe River (China) were collected in November 2017, and 11 OPEs were measured, and the ecological risk of OPEs was assessed by means of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method and assessment factor method. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis and an international comparison with other rivers in the world were conducted. The results showed that total OPEs ranged from 23.98 to 824.72 ng L, and the mean value was 228.70 ng L. The concentration of OPEs decreased as follows: Tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) > Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) > Triethyl phosphate (TEP) > Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) > Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) > Tripropyl phosphate (TPrP) > Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) > 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) > Tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) > Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) > Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TMPP). TCPP (19.54-160.82 ng L) and TCEP (N.D.-151.99 ng L) with the mean value of 76.67 and 53.13 ng L respectively were identified as the richest OPEs in Haihe River. The concentration of OPEs slowly increased in the upper reaches of Haihe River, and it tended to be stable in the middle reaches of Haihe River and decreased rapidly from the downstream to the outer sea. Significantly positive correlations occurred among three chlorinated alkyl OPEs (TCEP, TCPP, and TDCPP), suggesting that they might come from the same source. Based on the comparison, the pollution condition of OPEs in Haihe River was low, and TCEP was found to be the most abundant OPEs in China but it was not that in Europe. The ecological risk assessment on the basis of assessment factor method suggested that the risk of OPEs in Haihe River for algae, crustacean, and fish was limited. In addition, the results of SSD method suggested that the combined ecological risk of four OPEs in Haihe River was also low. This study provides information about the pollution status of OPEs in the surface water of China to some extents and a project for the risk estimation based on SSD for prior and emerging flame retardants.
有机磷酸酯（OPEs）是一种新兴的污染物，但在中国，有关其污染状况和生态风险的信息仍然很少。本研究于 2017 年 11 月采集了中国海河流域的 31 个地表水样本，共测定了 11 种 OPEs，并采用物种敏感性分布（SSD）法和评估因子法评估了 OPEs 的生态风险。此外，还进行了 Pearson 相关性分析，并与世界其他河流进行了国际比较。结果表明，总 OPEs 浓度范围为 23.98-824.72ng/L，平均值为 228.70ng/L。OPEs 的浓度顺序为：三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TCPP）>三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP）>磷酸三乙酯（TEP）>三丁氧基乙基磷酸酯（TBEP）>磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）>磷酸三丙酯（TPrP）>三（2-乙基己基）磷酸酯（TEHP）>二苯基 2-乙基己基磷酸酯（EHDPP）>三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP）>三正丁基磷酸酯（TnBP）>三甲基磷酸酯（TMPP）。TCPP（19.54-160.82ng/L）和 TCEP（未检出-151.99ng/L）的含量均值分别为 76.67ng/L 和 53.13ng/L，是海河中含量最丰富的 OPEs。海河流域上游 OPEs 浓度呈缓慢上升趋势，中游趋于稳定，从下游到外海迅速下降。三种氯化烷基 OPEs（TCEP、TCPP 和 TDCPP）之间存在显著的正相关性，表明它们可能来自同一来源。基于比较，海河流域 OPEs 的污染状况较低，TCEP 是中国最丰富的 OPEs，但不是欧洲最丰富的 OPEs。基于评估因子法的生态风险评估表明，OPEs 对藻类、甲壳类和鱼类的风险是有限的。此外，SSD 法的结果表明，海河中四种 OPEs 的综合生态风险也较低。本研究在一定程度上提供了中国地表水 OPEs 污染状况的信息，并为基于 SSD 的新型和新兴阻燃剂的风险评估提供了项目。
