Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
Cells. 2019 Feb 20;8(2):183. doi: 10.3390/cells8020183.
Skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative capacity, relying on precise coordination between resident muscle stem cells (satellite cells) and the immune system. The age-related decline in skeletal muscle regenerative capacity contributes to the onset of sarcopenia, prolonged hospitalization, and loss of autonomy. Although several age-sensitive pathways have been identified, further investigation is needed to define targets of cellular dysfunction. Autophagy, a process of cellular catabolism, is emerging as a key regulator of muscle regeneration affecting stem cell, immune cell, and myofiber function. Muscle stem cell senescence is associated with a suppression of autophagy during key phases of the regenerative program. Macrophages, a key immune cell involved in muscle repair, also rely on autophagy to aid in tissue repair. This review will focus on the role of autophagy in various aspects of the regenerative program, including adult skeletal muscle stem cells, monocytes/macrophages, and corresponding age-associated dysfunction. Furthermore, we will highlight rejuvenation strategies that alter autophagy to improve muscle regenerative function.
骨骼肌具有显著的再生能力，这依赖于驻留的肌肉干细胞（卫星细胞）和免疫系统之间的精确协调。骨骼肌再生能力的年龄相关下降导致了少肌症的发生、住院时间延长和丧失自主能力。尽管已经确定了几个与年龄相关的途径，但仍需要进一步研究以确定细胞功能障碍的靶点。自噬是一种细胞分解代谢的过程，它作为肌肉再生的关键调节剂，影响干细胞、免疫细胞和肌纤维的功能。肌肉干细胞衰老与再生程序的关键阶段自噬的抑制有关。巨噬细胞是一种参与肌肉修复的关键免疫细胞，也依赖自噬来帮助组织修复。本综述将重点讨论自噬在再生程序的各个方面的作用，包括成年骨骼肌干细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞以及相应的与年龄相关的功能障碍。此外，我们将强调改变自噬以改善肌肉再生功能的 rejuvenation 策略。
