Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India.
Nutrients. 2019 Feb 20;11(2):443. doi: 10.3390/nu11020443.
Nutritional status during pregnancy can have a significant impact on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Requirements for macronutrients such as energy and protein increase during pregnancy to maintain maternal homeostasis while supporting foetal growth. Energy restriction can limit gestational weight gain in women with obesity; however, there is insufficient evidence to support energy restriction during pregnancy. In undernourished women, balanced energy/protein supplementation may increase birthweight whereas high protein supplementation could have adverse effects on foetal growth. Modulating carbohydrate intake via a reduced glycaemic index or glycaemic load diet may prevent gestational diabetes and large-for-gestational-age infants. Certain micronutrients are also vital for improving pregnancy outcomes, including folic acid to prevent neural tube defects and iodine to prevent cretinism. Newly published studies support the use of calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, particularly in women at high risk or with low dietary calcium intake. Although gaps in knowledge remain, research linking nutrition during pregnancy to maternofoetal outcomes has made dramatic advances over the last few years. In this review, we provide an overview of the most recent evidence pertaining to macronutrient and micronutrient requirements during pregnancy, the risks and consequences of deficiencies and the effects of supplementation on pregnancy outcomes.
孕期营养状况对母婴健康结局有重大影响。孕期宏量营养素（如能量和蛋白质）的需求增加，以维持母体的内环境稳定，同时支持胎儿生长。能量限制可限制肥胖女性的孕期体重增加；然而，目前尚无足够证据支持孕期能量限制。在营养不良的女性中，平衡的能量/蛋白质补充可能会增加出生体重，而高蛋白补充可能对胎儿生长有不良影响。通过降低血糖指数或血糖负荷饮食来调节碳水化合物的摄入可能会预防妊娠糖尿病和巨大儿。某些微量营养素对于改善妊娠结局也至关重要，包括叶酸预防神经管缺陷和碘预防克汀病。新发表的研究支持使用钙补充剂预防妊娠高血压疾病，尤其是对于高危人群或膳食钙摄入量低的女性。尽管知识仍存在差距，但近年来，将孕期营养与母婴结局联系起来的研究取得了重大进展。在这篇综述中，我们概述了与孕期宏量营养素和微量营养素需求、缺乏的风险和后果以及补充对妊娠结局的影响相关的最新证据。
