Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613 401, India.
Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
J Control Release. 2019 Apr 28;300:22-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.031. Epub 2019 Feb 22.
Cerebral ischemia is a deadly condition that arises due to blockage of the blood vessels in the brain leading to oxygen deficiency thereby arresting brain functions and resulting in death or permanent impairment. Though a myriad of factors has been proposed to cause cerebral ischemia, it has been generally regarded as an old age-associated malady. However, unhealthy diet, stressful lifestyle and deteriorating environment quality has dramatically reduced the age on onset as well as the number of victims in recent years. Hence, there exists a need for prompt and effective therapeutic strategies for immediate as well as long-term damage control and maintenance of the functions of the brain, as well as early and accurate diagnosis of the risk of stroke or extent of damage after stroke. The physiological barriers further complicate the development of therapeutic and diagnostic interventions for cerebral stroke. The advent of nanotechnology has initiated new vistas for more effective and superior therapeutic and imaging modalities for management of cerebral ischemia. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge on the mechanism and causative factors of cerebral ischemia, drawbacks of conventional therapy as well as molecular targets that are being explored for stroke therapy. The review also discusses in detail the advances made using nano-interventions for therapy and imaging of stroke-affected regions along with their pros and cons. Emergent multi-functional nanoparticles for stroke management have also been reviewed.
脑缺血是一种致命的疾病，由于大脑血管阻塞导致缺氧，从而导致大脑功能停止，导致死亡或永久性损伤。尽管有许多因素被认为会导致脑缺血，但它通常被认为是一种与年龄相关的疾病。然而，不健康的饮食、紧张的生活方式和不断恶化的环境质量，在近年来显著降低了发病年龄和患者数量。因此，需要有即时和有效的治疗策略，以控制和维持大脑的功能，以及早期和准确地诊断中风风险或中风后的损伤程度。生理屏障进一步使治疗和诊断中风的干预措施的发展复杂化。纳米技术的出现为更有效和优越的治疗和成像方式提供了新的途径，以管理脑缺血。这篇综述提供了关于脑缺血的机制和病因的最新知识概述，讨论了传统治疗方法的缺点以及正在探索用于中风治疗的分子靶点。本文还详细讨论了利用纳米干预措施治疗和成像中风影响区域的进展，以及它们的优缺点。还综述了用于中风管理的新兴多功能纳米颗粒。
