Dapsone- and nitroso dapsone-specific activation of T cells from hypersensitive patients expressing the risk allele HLA-B*13:01.

BACKGROUND

Research into drug hypersensitivity associated with the expression of specific HLA alleles has focussed on the interaction between parent drug and the HLA with no attention given to reactive metabolites. For this reason, we have studied HLA-B13:01-linked dapsone hypersensitivity to (a) explore whether the parent drug and/or nitroso metabolite activate T cells and (b) determine whether HLA-B13:01 is involved in the response.

METHODS

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from six patients were cultured with dapsone and nitroso dapsone, and proliferative responses and IFN-γ release were measured. Dapsone- and nitroso dapsone-specific T-cell clones were generated and phenotype, function, HLA allele restriction, and cross-reactivity assessed. Dapsone intermediates were characterized by mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six patients and cloned T cells proliferated and secreted Th1/2/22 cytokines when stimulated with dapsone (clones: n = 395; 80% CD4 CXCR3 CCR4 , 20% CD8+CXCR3 CCR4 CCR6 CCR9 CCR10 ) and nitroso dapsone (clones: n = 399; 78% CD4+, 22% CD8 with same chemokine receptor profile). CD4 and CD8 clones were HLA class II and class I restricted, respectively, and displayed three patterns of reactivity: compound specific, weakly cross-reactive, and strongly cross-reactive. Nitroso dapsone formed dimers in culture and was reduced to dapsone, providing a rationale for the cross-reactivity. T-cell responses to nitroso dapsone were dependent on the formation of a cysteine-modified protein adduct, while dapsone interacted in a labile manner with antigen-presenting cells. CD8 clones displayed an HLA-B*13:01-restricted pattern of activation.

CONCLUSION

These studies describe the phenotype and function of dapsone- and nitroso dapsone-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cells from hypersensitive patients. Discovery of HLA-B*13:01-restricted CD8 T-cell responses indicates that drugs and their reactive metabolites participate in HLA allele-linked forms of hypersensitivity.