Oţelea Marina Ruxandra, Jinga Viorel, Raşcu Alexandru Ştefan Cătălin, Pleşea Iancu Emil, Petrescu Amelia Nicoleta, Mitrache Luminiţa Elena, Olteanu Mihai, Bondari Dan, Raşcu Agripina
Clinical Department 3, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Urology, "Prof. Dr. Theodor Burghele" Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania;
Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2018;59(4):1021-1032.
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent forms of cancer, particularly in Caucasian population. Many environmental factors are recognized as carcinogenic in humans for this form of neoplasia and some of them are related to occupation. In order to illustrate these effects, we have selected several relevant cases with smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens and their histopathological findings. We reviewed the most important research published in the field of environmental-genomic interaction in relation with the oncogenesis of BC. Three main directions have been identified and described in the article: the environmental factors involved in BC pathogenesis and evolution, the molecular mechanisms involved in cell mitosis control and xenobiotic metabolism related to the qualitative and quantitative exposure and, finally, the possible biomarkers of the tumor evolution. From the genomic and proteomic research, new biomarkers emerged that are in the validation process. Immunohistochemical methods open also new perspectives to the diagnostic algorithms and could serve as prognosis biomarkers.
膀胱癌（BC）是最常见的癌症形式之一，在白种人群中尤为如此。许多环境因素被认为是人类这种肿瘤形成的致癌物，其中一些与职业有关。为了说明这些影响，我们选择了几例与吸烟和职业性接触致癌物相关的病例及其组织病理学结果。我们回顾了与膀胱癌发生相关的环境基因组相互作用领域发表的最重要研究。本文确定并描述了三个主要方向：膀胱癌发病机制和演变中涉及的环境因素、与定性和定量暴露相关的细胞有丝分裂控制和外源性物质代谢中涉及的分子机制，以及肿瘤演变的可能生物标志物。从基因组和蛋白质组学研究中，出现了正在验证过程中的新生物标志物。免疫组织化学方法也为诊断算法开辟了新的前景，并可作为预后生物标志物。
