Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2019 Jun;135:67-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023. Epub 2019 Mar 6.
After the break-up of Gondwana dispersal of organisms between America, Australia and Africa became more complicated. One of the possible remaining paths led through Antarctica, that was not yet glaciated and it remained habitable for many organisms. This favourable climate made Antarctica an important migration corridor for organisms with good dispersal ability, such as Aculeata (Hymenoptera), till the Oligocene cooling. Here we tested how cooling of Antarctica impacted global dispersal of Aculeata parasites (Strepsiptera: Xenidae). Our data set comprising six nuclear genes from a broad sample of Xenidae. Bayesian dating was used to estimate divergence times in phylogenetic reconstruction. Biogeography was investigated using event-based analytical methods: likelihood-based dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis and Bayesian models. The Bayesian model was used for reconstruction of ancestral host groups. Biogeographical methods indicate that multiple lineages were exchanged between the New World and the Old World + Australia until the Antarctica became completely frozen over. During the late Paleogene and Neogene periods, several lineages spread from the Afrotropics to other Old World regions and Australia. The original hosts of Xenidae were most likely social wasps. Within one lineage of solitary wasp parasites, parallel switch to digger wasps (Sphecidae) occurred independently in the New World and Old World regions. The biogeography and macroevolutionary history of Xenidae can be explained by the combination of dispersal, lineage extinction and climatic changes during the Cenozoic era. A habitable Antarctica and the presence of now-submerged islands and plateaus that acted as a connection between the New World and Old World + Australia provided the possibility for biotic exchanges of parasites along with their hymenopteran hosts. Although Xenidae are generally host specialists, there were significant host switches to unrelated but ecologically similar hosts during their evolution. There is little or no evidence for cophylogeny between strepsipteran parasites and hymenopteran lineages.
冈瓦纳大陆解体后，生物在美洲、澳大利亚和非洲之间的扩散变得更加复杂。其中一条可能的残留路径穿过南极洲，当时南极洲尚未被冰川覆盖，仍然适合许多生物居住。这种有利的气候使南极洲成为具有良好扩散能力的生物（如膜翅目刺尾蜂科）的重要迁徙走廊，直到渐新世冷却。在这里，我们测试了南极洲的冷却如何影响刺尾蜂科寄生虫（双翅目：异翅亚目）的全球扩散。我们的数据集中包含了来自广泛的异翅亚目样本的六个核基因。贝叶斯日期推断用于在系统发育重建中估计分歧时间。使用基于事件的分析方法（基于似然的扩散-灭绝-分支分析和贝叶斯模型）研究生物地理学。贝叶斯模型用于重建祖先宿主群体。生物地理学方法表明，在南极洲完全冻结之前，新大陆和旧大陆+澳大利亚之间有多个谱系进行了交换。在古近纪和新近纪期间，几个谱系从热带非洲传播到其他旧大陆地区和澳大利亚。异翅亚目最初的宿主很可能是社会性黄蜂。在独居黄蜂寄生虫的一个谱系中，新大陆和旧大陆地区的挖掘黄蜂（泥蜂科）独立发生了平行转换。异翅亚目生物地理学和宏观进化历史可以通过新生代的扩散、谱系灭绝和气候变化的组合来解释。一个适合居住的南极洲，以及现在已经沉没的岛屿和高原的存在，这些岛屿和高原充当了新大陆和旧大陆+澳大利亚之间的连接，为寄生虫及其膜翅目宿主的生物交换提供了可能性。尽管异翅亚目通常是宿主专化的，但在其进化过程中，它们与无亲缘关系但生态相似的宿主发生了重大的宿主转换。刺尾蜂科寄生虫和膜翅目谱系之间几乎没有或没有共生关系的证据。
