Birgfeld Craig, Heike Carrie
Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, M/S OB.9.520, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
Craniofacial Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, M/S OB.9.528, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
Clin Plast Surg. 2019 Apr;46(2):207-221. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2018.12.001.
Clinicians use different diagnostic terms for patients with underdevelopment of facial features arising from the embryonic first and second pharyngeal arches, including first and second branchial arch syndrome, otomandibular dysostosis, oculoauriculovertebral syndrome, and hemifacial microsomia. Craniofacial microsomia has become the preferred term. Although no diagnostic criteria for craniofacial microsomia exist, most patients have a degree of underdevelopment of the mandible, maxilla, ear, orbit, facial soft tissue, and/or facial nerve. These anomalies can affect feeding, compromise the airway, alter facial movement, disrupt hearing, and alter facial appearance.
临床医生对于因胚胎第一和第二咽弓发育不全而导致面部特征发育不全的患者使用不同的诊断术语，包括第一和第二鳃弓综合征、耳下颌发育不全、眼耳脊椎综合征和半侧颜面短小畸形。颅面短小畸形已成为首选术语。尽管不存在颅面短小畸形的诊断标准，但大多数患者的下颌骨、上颌骨、耳朵、眼眶、面部软组织和/或面神经都有一定程度的发育不全。这些异常可影响进食、危及气道、改变面部运动、干扰听力并改变面部外观。
