Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), Kathmandu, Nepal.
RIKILT-Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2019 May;172:511-521. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.002. Epub 2019 Mar 2.
We conducted this study in order to assess the pesticide residues in vegetables and examine the related human health risk. Therefore, residues of 23 pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines, acaricides, fungicides, and insecticides of biological origin) were analysed in the three main vegetable crops grown in Southern Nepal: 27 eggplant, 27 chilli and 32 tomato samples representing (i) conventional (N = 67) and ii) integrated pest management (IPM) fields (N = 19). Pesticide residues were found in 93% of the eggplant samples and in all of the chilli and tomato samples. Multiple residues were observed in 56% of the eggplant samples, 96% of chilli samples and all of the tomato samples. The range (µg/kg) of total detected pesticide residues in eggplants, chillies and tomatoes was 1.71-231, 4.97-507, 13.1-3465, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticides in these vegetables were carbendazim and chloropyrifos. Pesticide residues in 4% of the eggplant, 44% of the tomato and 19% of the chilli samples exceeded the EU maximum residue limits (MRLs). The residues of triazophos, omethoate, chloropyrifos and carbendazim exceeded the EU MRLs. Compared to chilli and eggplant crops, more carbendazim was sprayed onto tomato crops (p < 0.05). We assessed adolescent and adult dietary exposure using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) equations for the identified pesticides. HQ> 1 was observed for chloropyrifos, triazophos and carbendazim in eggplants; profenofos, triazophos, dimethoate, omethoate, chloropyrifos and carbendazim in tomatoes; and dichlorvos and chloropyrifos in chillies. Of all of the HQs, the highest acute HQ (aHQ) was for triazophos (tomato) in adolescents (aHQ=657) and adults (aHQ=677), showing the highest risks of dietary exposure. The cumulative dietary exposure showed a higher HI for organophosphates (HI>83) and a lower HI for organochlorines, acaricides and biological insecticides (HI<1). The concentration of pesticide residues in the vegetable crops from the IPM field was considerably lower, suggesting a greater ability of IPM systems to reduce the dietary risks from exposure to pesticides.
我们进行这项研究是为了评估蔬菜中的农药残留，并研究相关的人类健康风险。因此，分析了尼泊尔南部三种主要蔬菜作物（茄子、辣椒和番茄）中的 23 种农药残留（有机磷、有机氯、杀螨剂、杀菌剂和生物源杀虫剂）：27 个茄子、27 个辣椒和 32 个番茄样本，代表（i）常规（N=67）和（ii）综合虫害管理（IPM）田间（N=19）。在 93%的茄子样本、所有辣椒和番茄样本中均发现了农药残留。在 56%的茄子样本、96%的辣椒样本和所有番茄样本中观察到了多种残留。茄子、辣椒和番茄中总检出农药残留的范围（µg/kg）分别为 1.71-231、4.97-507、13.1-3465。在这些蔬菜中最常检测到的农药是多菌灵和氯吡硫磷。在 4%的茄子、44%的番茄和 19%的辣椒样本中，农药残留超过了欧盟最大残留限量（MRLs）。三唑磷、氧乐果、氯吡硫磷和多菌灵的残留超过了欧盟 MRLs。与辣椒和茄子作物相比，更多的多菌灵被喷洒在番茄作物上（p<0.05）。我们使用识别出的农药的危害系数（HQ）和危害指数（HI）方程评估青少年和成人的饮食暴露情况。在茄子中，氯吡硫磷、三唑磷和多菌灵的 HQ>1；在番茄中，氯吡硫磷、三唑磷、甲胺磷、氧乐果、氯吡硫磷和多菌灵的 HQ>1；在辣椒中，敌敌畏和氯吡硫磷的 HQ>1。在所有 HQ 中，急性 HQ（aHQ）最高的是青少年（aHQ=657）和成年人（aHQ=677）食用番茄中的三唑磷，表明饮食暴露的风险最高。累积饮食暴露显示出有机磷（HI>83）的 HI 更高，而有机氯、杀螨剂和生物源杀虫剂的 HI 更低（HI<1）。来自 IPM 田间的蔬菜作物中的农药残留浓度要低得多，这表明 IPM 系统有更大的能力降低因接触农药而导致的饮食风险。
