College of Geographic and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jun 15;627:1627-1637. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.224. Epub 2018 Feb 20.
The health effects of airborne particulate matter (PM) are likely to be strongly influenced by its components. The relationship between the composition of PM and its biological effects has been investigated in vitro/vivo, but more studies are needed to achieve a better understanding of the relationship. Such studies are limited in Northern China, where severe air pollution causes significant health impacts. In this study, we analyzed seasonal PM (PM, aerodynamic diameter less than 10μm) samples from five typical cities in Northern China for their physicochemical properties and their in vitro effects on A549 (human lung epithelial cell line) and RAW264.7 (murine monocyte macrophage) cells, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory effects. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the relationship between the PM components and the cellular responses. The cellular responses of A549 cells were more closely related to the endotoxin content and the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, while the cellular responses of RAW264.7 cells were largely related to PM-bound metals, and the chalcophile elements (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were more related to the PM-induced oxidative stress, whereas the lithophile and siderophile elements (Al, Fe, Mg, Co, V, Mn, Ca) were more related to PM-induced inflammation and cytotoxicity. As PM compositions changed seasonally, more intense cellular responses were seen when A549 cells were exposed to winter samples that contained higher levels of those components. The autumn and winter samples induced higher levels of oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells, possibly due to higher contents of chalcophile elements, whereas the spring and/or summer samples were more cytotoxic and proinflammatory, possibly due to higher contents of lithophile and siderophile elements. The study suggests that the evaluation of health impacts induced by air pollution should take into account different physiochemical properties other than the mass concentration, and that public health would benefit greatly from effective, prioritized control of the sources that are the major producers of the central species.
空气中颗粒物（PM）的健康影响可能受到其成分的强烈影响。已经在体外/体内研究了 PM 成分与其生物效应之间的关系，但需要更多的研究来更好地理解这种关系。在中国北方，由于严重的空气污染造成了重大的健康影响，因此此类研究受到限制。在这项研究中，我们分析了来自中国北方五个典型城市的季节性 PM（PM，空气动力学直径小于 10μm）样本，以研究其理化性质及其对 A549（人肺上皮细胞系）和 RAW264.7（鼠单核巨噬细胞）细胞的体外效应，包括细胞毒性、氧化应激和炎症效应。主成分分析和多元线性回归用于研究 PM 成分与细胞反应之间的关系。A549 细胞的细胞反应与内毒素含量以及多环芳烃（PAHs）及其衍生物的水平更为密切相关，而 RAW264.7 细胞的细胞反应主要与 PM 结合金属有关，亲硫元素（Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd）与 PM 诱导的氧化应激更为相关，而亲石元素和亚铁元素（Al、Fe、Mg、Co、V、Mn、Ca）与 PM 诱导的炎症和细胞毒性更为相关。由于 PM 成分随季节变化，当 A549 细胞暴露于冬季样本时，观察到更强烈的细胞反应，这些样本含有更高水平的这些成分。秋冬季样本在 RAW264.7 细胞中诱导更高水平的氧化应激，可能是由于亲硫元素含量较高，而春/夏季样本更具细胞毒性和促炎作用，可能是由于亲石元素和亚铁元素含量较高。该研究表明，评估空气污染引起的健康影响应考虑到质量浓度以外的其他理化性质，并且有效的、优先控制主要产生中心物质的来源将极大地有益于公共健康。
