P300 in detecting concealed information and deception: A review.

Studies using the P300 ERP in detection of concealed information are reviewed. An overview of the initial findings, methodological issues, and use of bootstrapping methods for data analysis are considered, with various protocols explicated. Applications to forensic issues, employee screening, cognitive deficit malingering, and facial recognition in lineups are outlined. Countermeasures to the original P300-based tests are described, and a possible approach to this problem using a new complex-trial protocol is offered. Applications of this protocol to forensic and antiterror scenarios are then presented, along with its first independent replication. Studies of visual versus auditory stimulus presentation in the complex-trial protocol are evaluated. Findings from attempted voluntary suppression of P300 as a recognition signal are presented, and the effects of motivational manipulations on the P300-based complex-trial protocol are summarized. Limitations of the research are reviewed, and, based on this review, future directions of P300 methods for detection of concealed information and deception are suggested that may guide the development of more precision and reliability of this promising tool.