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嵌合抗原受体修饰造血干细胞中的西妥昔单抗介导自杀系统用于癌症治疗。

A Cetuximab-Mediated Suicide System in Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy.

机构信息

1 Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.

2 Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.

出版信息

Hum Gene Ther. 2019 Apr;30(4):413-428. doi: 10.1089/hum.2018.180.

Abstract

Using gene modification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to create persistent generation of multilineage immune effectors to target cancer cells directly is proposed. Gene-modified human HSC have been used to introduce genes to correct, prevent, or treat diseases. Concerns regarding malignant transformation, abnormal hematopoiesis, and autoimmunity exist, making the co-delivery of a suicide gene a necessary safety measure. Truncated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt) was tested as a suicide gene system co-delivered with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to human HSC. Third-generation self-inactivating lentiviral vectors were used to co-deliver an anti-CD19 CAR and EGFRt. In vitro, gene-modified HSC were differentiated into myeloid cells to allow transgene expression. An antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay was used, incubating target cells with leukocytes and monoclonal antibody cetuximab to determine the percentage of surviving cells. In vivo, gene-modified HSC were engrafted into NSG mice with subsequent treatment with intraperitoneal cetuximab. Persistence of gene-modified cells was assessed by flow cytometry, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using Zr-Cetuximab. Cytotoxicity was significantly increased (p = 0.01) in target cells expressing EGFRt after incubation with leukocytes and cetuximab 1 μg/mL compared to EGFRt+ cells without cetuximab and non-transduced cells with or without cetuximab, at all effector:target ratios. Mice humanized with gene-modified HSC presented significant ablation of gene-modified cells after treatment (p = 0.002). Remaining gene-modified cells were close to background on flow cytometry and within two logs of decrease of vector copy numbers by ddPCR in mouse tissues. PET imaging confirmed ablation with a decrease of an average of 82.5% after cetuximab treatment. These results give proof of principle for CAR-modified HSC regulated by a suicide gene. Further studies are needed to enable clinical translation. Cetuximab ADCC of EGFRt-modified cells caused effective killing. Different ablation approaches, such as inducible caspase 9 or co-delivery of other inert cell markers, should also be evaluated.

摘要

利用造血干细胞(HSC)的基因修饰来直接产生多谱系免疫效应物,以靶向癌细胞,这是一种被提出的方法。基因修饰的人类 HSC 已被用于引入基因以纠正、预防或治疗疾病。人们对恶性转化、异常造血和自身免疫存在担忧,因此必须共同递送自杀基因作为安全措施。截短的表皮生长因子受体(EGFRt)被测试为与嵌合抗原受体(CAR)共递送的自杀基因系统,以靶向人类 HSC。第三代自失活慢病毒载体被用于共同递送抗 CD19 CAR 和 EGFRt。在体外,基因修饰的 HSC 分化为髓样细胞以允许转基因表达。抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)测定用于孵育靶细胞与白细胞和单克隆抗体西妥昔单抗,以确定存活细胞的百分比。在体内,基因修饰的 HSC 被植入 NSG 小鼠中,随后用腹腔内西妥昔单抗进行治疗。通过流式细胞术、液滴数字聚合酶链反应(ddPCR)和使用 Zr-西妥昔单抗的正电子发射断层扫描(PET)成像来评估基因修饰细胞的持久性。与未经西妥昔单抗处理的 EGFRt+细胞和未经转导的细胞相比,在用白细胞和 1μg/mL 西妥昔单抗孵育后,表达 EGFRt 的靶细胞的细胞毒性显著增加(p=0.01),在所有效应物:靶标比值下均如此。用基因修饰的 HSC 人源化的小鼠在治疗后基因修饰细胞的明显消融(p=0.002)。在用西妥昔单抗治疗后,通过 ddPCR 在小鼠组织中检测到基因修饰细胞的拷贝数减少了两个对数级,接近背景水平。PET 成像证实了消融,在接受西妥昔单抗治疗后平均减少了 82.5%。这些结果为受自杀基因调节的 CAR 修饰的 HSC 提供了原理证明。需要进一步的研究来实现临床转化。西妥昔单抗对 EGFRt 修饰细胞的 ADCC 引起了有效的杀伤。还应评估其他消融方法,如诱导型半胱天冬酶 9 或共同递送其他惰性细胞标记物。

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