Department of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
Department of Hydrobiology and General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland; Centre of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
Aquat Toxicol. 2019 Jun;211:11-17. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.013. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
Nanoproducts are being increasingly used in various industrial products, leading to a greater risk of water pollution through their discharge into environment as production byproducts. Increased levels of environmental pollution with nanoproducts pose a threat to all living organisms. Nanopollutants may have toxic effects on gametes and fertilization process in species with external fertilization, thereby reducing effectiveness of reproduction or greatly impairing it. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of copper nanoparticles (Cu and CuO) and copper ions (CuSO·5HO) on the spermatozoa motility of sea trout and compare their harmful effects. Copper nanoparticles (NPs) of primary particle size <100 nm and CuO NPs of particle size <50 nm as well as a solution of CuSO·5HO were used for the study. Concentration of the products tested (CuNPs, CuONPs, and CuSO·5HO) was expressed as mg Cu L in the media regardless of dissolution and aggregation. A suspension with concentration up to 500 mg L in an aquatic environment was tested. Spermatozoa motility under direct contact with copper at 10 s post activation was evaluated using an automated system (CASA). Copper products in an aqueous environment primarily cause a reduction of spermatozoa velocity (VCL). A significant reduction of velocity in CuSO·5HO salt solution occurred at concentration starting from 8 mg L, whereas in solutions containing CuNPs and CuONPs this process is observed from 50 mg L. Reduction of percentage of motile spermatozoa occurred in CuNPs from a concentration of 125 mg L, while in CuONPs and CuSO·5HO, the effect began at concentration from 250 mg L. In a solution of CuSO·5HO at a concentration of 500 mg L, strong agglutination of sperm cells occurred and movement ceased (immobilization IC100). Exposure to CuONPs decreased the motility rate to below IC50, while for CuNPs, the motility rate reached 80%. Changes in linearity (LIN) and amplitude of head displacement (ALH) differed according to Cu products. Cu as CuSO·5HO and CuONPs impaired the LIN, while CuNPs lowered ALH. Duration of motility increased at low CuSO·5HO concentration. The effect of Cu ion on sea trout spermatozoa motility was more harmful than that of copper nanoparticles. The various copper products used affected motility parameters differently. Contamination of aqueous environment with copper primarily caused reduction in male gamete velocity, which may impair reproduction. Various copper products had different effects on LIN, ALH, and motility duration, which can also affect fertilization.
纳米产品在各种工业产品中的应用日益广泛，作为生产的副产品排入环境，导致水污染的风险增加。环境中纳米产品污染水平的增加对所有生物都构成了威胁。纳米污染物可能对具有外部受精的物种的配子和受精过程产生毒性作用，从而降低繁殖效率或严重损害繁殖效率。本研究的目的是确定铜纳米颗粒（Cu 和 CuO）和铜离子（CuSO·5HO）对海鳟精子活力的影响，并比较它们的有害影响。使用粒径<100nm 的初级颗粒的铜纳米颗粒（NPs）和粒径<50nm 的 CuO NPs 以及 CuSO·5HO 溶液进行了研究。无论溶解和聚集如何，测试产品的浓度（CuNPs、CuONPs 和 CuSO·5HO）均以介质中 mg Cu L 表示。在水生环境中测试了浓度高达 500mg L 的悬浮液。使用自动系统（CASA）评估精子在激活后 10 秒与铜直接接触时的运动能力。在水溶液中，铜产品主要导致精子速度（VCL）降低。在浓度从 8mg L 开始时，CuSO·5HO 盐溶液中就出现了显著的速度降低，而在含有 CuNPs 和 CuONPs 的溶液中，这一过程则是从 50mg L 开始出现。在浓度为 125mg L 的 CuNPs 中，运动精子的百分比减少，而在 CuONPs 和 CuSO·5HO 中，该效应从 250mg L 开始出现。在浓度为 500mg L 的 CuSO·5HO 溶液中，精子细胞发生强烈的聚集并停止运动（固定化 IC100）。暴露于 CuONPs 会使运动率降低至低于 IC50，而对于 CuNPs，运动率则达到 80%。根据铜产品的不同，线性（LIN）和头部位移幅度（ALH）的变化也不同。Cu 以 CuSO·5HO 和 CuONPs 的形式损害了 LIN，而 CuNPs 降低了 ALH。低浓度 CuSO·5HO 时，运动持续时间增加。铜离子对海鳟精子运动的影响比铜纳米颗粒更有害。使用的各种铜产品对运动参数的影响不同。铜对水环境污染主要导致雄性配子速度降低，从而可能损害繁殖。各种铜产品对 LIN、ALH 和运动持续时间有不同的影响，也会影响受精。
