Selechnik D, Rollins L A, Brown G P, Kelehear C, Shine R
School of Life and Environmental Sciences (SOLES), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences (LES), Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia.
Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2016 Dec 29;6(3):375-385. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.12.001. eCollection 2017 Dec.
Brought to Australia in 1935 to control agricultural pests (from French Guiana, via Martinique, Barbados, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Hawai'i), repeated stepwise translocations of small numbers of founders enabled the cane toad () to escape many parasites and pathogens from its native range. However, the infective organisms that survived the journey continue to affect the dynamics of the toad in its new environment. In Australia, the native-range lungworm decreases its host's cardiac capacity, as well as growth and survival, but not rate of dispersal. The lungworm is most prevalent in long-colonised areas within the toads' Australian range, and absent from the invasion front. Several parasites and pathogens of Australian taxa have host-shifted to cane toads in Australia; for example, invasion-front toads are susceptible to spinal arthritis caused by the soil bacterium, . The pentastome has host-shifted to toads and may thereby expand its Australian range due to the continued range expansion of the invasive toads. Spill-over and spill-back of parasites may be detrimental to other host species; however, toads may also reduce parasite loads in native taxa by acting as terminal hosts. We review the impact of the toad's parasites and pathogens on the invasive anuran's biology in Australia, as well as collateral effects of toad-borne parasites and pathogens on other host species in Australia. Both novel and co-evolved pathogens and parasites may have played significant roles in shaping the rapid evolution of immune system responses in cane toads within their invaded range.
1935年从法属圭亚那经马提尼克岛、巴巴多斯、牙买加、波多黎各和夏威夷引入澳大利亚以控制农业害虫，少量创始蟾蜍的逐步反复迁移使蔗蟾蜍（Bufo marinus）摆脱了许多原产地区的寄生虫和病原体。然而，在迁移中存活下来的感染性生物继续影响着蟾蜍在新环境中的动态。在澳大利亚，原产于蟾蜍原生范围的肺吸虫（Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala）会降低宿主的心脏功能、生长和存活率，但不会影响其扩散速度。这种肺吸虫在蟾蜍澳大利亚分布范围内长期殖民的地区最为普遍，而在入侵前沿地区则不存在。澳大利亚一些生物类群的几种寄生虫和病原体已转移到澳大利亚的蔗蟾蜍身上；例如，入侵前沿的蟾蜍易感染由土壤细菌（Mycobacterium ulcerans）引起的脊椎关节炎。五口吸虫（Raillietiella orientalis）已转移到蟾蜍身上，可能会随着入侵蟾蜍分布范围的持续扩大而扩大其在澳大利亚的分布范围。寄生虫的溢出和回溢可能对其他宿主物种有害；然而，蟾蜍也可能通过充当终末宿主来减少本地生物类群中的寄生虫负荷。我们综述了蟾蜍寄生虫和病原体对澳大利亚入侵无尾两栖动物生物学的影响，以及蟾蜍传播的寄生虫和病原体对澳大利亚其他宿主物种的附带影响。新出现的病原体和寄生虫以及共同进化的病原体和寄生虫可能在塑造蔗蟾蜍在其入侵范围内免疫系统反应的快速进化中发挥了重要作用。
