Annual cycles of gonadotropins and androgens in the hibernating golden-mantled ground squirrel.

Ground squirrels, captured in the field, were housed at ambient temperatures of 23 degrees (photoperiod = 10L:14D) for 13 months. Plasma was sampled at 3 to 4-week intervals and measured for gonadotropin and androgen levels. Testis size was examined monthly by laparotomy. Male ground squirrels showed clear circannual cycles in body mass, testis size, and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). During summer and fall, FSH, LH and androgen levels were low, testes were undeveloped, and body mass was increasing. Testes began to rapidly enlarge in January and reached maximum size in February. A rise in FSH preceded gonadal growth but LH remained low until near the time of testis mass peak. LH remained elevated during spring while FSH levels fell and testes regressed. Plasma T and DHT levels generally paralleled LH concentrations; DHT levels were approximately one-fifth those of T levels. During winter animals lost weight but were only occasionally found in a slightly hypothermic condition. Females had elevated plasma LH levels (greater than 1 ng/ml) predominantly in the spring but displayed no cycle in plasma FSH levels. A second group of males held at 4 degrees for 8 months (photoperiod = stimulated natural for 47 degrees N) were regularly torpid during a hibernation season that lasted between November and May. Most (15/21) of these males did not show gonadal development by spring; these non-reproductive males had had restricted body mass gains the previous fall. Plasma FSH was low in both reproductive and non-reproductive males during fall and winter but increased in March while animals were still hibernating. FSH levels continued to increase in April only in reproductive males and reached maximal levels after hibernation was spontaneously terminated. LH titers were elevated in individual males in winter during torpor and were greater in reproductive than in non-reproductive males in May. Androgen levels were undetectable in torpid squirrels, elevated in animals sampled during periodic arousals, and elevated in most males within 3 weeks after terminating hibernation.