Raffensperger John G, Raveenthiran V
Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, USA.
Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.
Pediatr Surg Int. 2019 Jun;35(6):737-741. doi: 10.1007/s00383-019-04477-2. Epub 2019 Apr 9.
Surgeons removed bladder stones by perineal lithotomy in ancient times. The first surgeon who dared to invade a body cavity knew human anatomy and was skilled in the use of surgical instruments. The operation probably originated in India since the Sushruta Samhita, a surgical text, antedates Hippocrates by several hundred years. Sushruta's knowledge of bladder of stones, surgical complications and instrumentation identifies him as originator of vesicolithotomy. Why did Hippocrates advise his students to leave operations for bladder stones to practitioners who were skilled in the art? Who were these practitioners and how did knowledge of vesicolithotomy reach Greece from India? Our research suggests that the operation came to Greece from India over ancient trade routes and with surgeons who accompanied Alexander the Great's army. The Sushruta Samhita was translated in Arabic and may have reached Europe during the dark ages by way of Arabian surgeons such as Albucasis. Chelseldon, an eighteenth century English surgeon, brought Sushruta's vesicolithotomy to a peak of perfection.
在古代，外科医生通过会阴切开取石术来移除膀胱结石。第一位敢于侵入体腔的外科医生了解人体解剖学，并熟练使用外科器械。这种手术可能起源于印度，因为外科文献《妙闻集》比希波克拉底早几百年。妙闻对膀胱结石、手术并发症和器械的了解使他成为膀胱切开取石术的创始人。为什么希波克拉底建议他的学生将膀胱结石手术留给精通此术的从业者？这些从业者是谁，膀胱切开取石术的知识又是如何从印度传到希腊的？我们的研究表明，这种手术是通过古代贸易路线，由亚历山大大帝军队中的外科医生从印度传到希腊的。《妙闻集》被翻译成阿拉伯语，可能在黑暗时代通过阿尔布卡西斯等阿拉伯外科医生传到了欧洲。18世纪的英国外科医生切尔塞尔登将妙闻的膀胱切开取石术发挥到了极致。
